Judaism , Christianity and Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Judaism , Christianity and Islam - Essay Example Knowledge of God and certain religious practices have been handed down from one generation to another even before the age of written history. In the case of the three monotheistic religions, oral traditions have been documented in scriptures, and for which the claim to divine inspiration and revelation had become a common basis of faith and devotion. The Hebrew bible detailed the story of Israel in the light of the covenant between God and His people, and depicts a continuing saga of that relationship and of the saving acts of God. Christians, on the other hand refer to the Old Testament (sourced out from the same Jewish bible) as historical documentation of salvation and prophesies over the coming messiah. The fulfillment of such prophesies and salvation, however is contained in the New Testament which detailed the teachings of Christ, His death and resurrection, and ascension to heaven, including the spread of Christianity shortly after He went up to heaven. For Muslims, the very w ord of Allah, was revealed to the prophet Muhammad by the angel Gabriel. According to Muslim tradition, after this ecstatic experience Muhammad was able to recite exactly what he had been told. The term Qur’an, which means recitation,† occurs several times in the text itself; the term refers either to a fragment of the revelation or to the entire collection of revelations that are known as the Qur’an, the holy book of Islam (Microsoft Encarta) . All scriptures, each creed uses, tells us the story of the promise God made to Abraham, â€Å"I will shower blessings on you, I will make your descendants as many as the stars of heaven and the grains of sand on the seashore† (Genesis 22:17 - JB). There and then, the verse became the basis as to why the three religions are collectively referred to as â€Å"Abrahamic.† Both â€Å"Jews and Muslims, as well as Christians, trace

Marketing of Central Heating System Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing of Central Heating System - Case Study Example They can do a better job of choosing their market, developing their offerings and executing their marketing plans. Company needs a strong marketing information system to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate and distribute needed, timely and accurate information to marketing decision makers. This information in developed from internal company records, marketing intelligence, marketing research and marketing decision support analysis. Marketers find many opportunities by identifying trends in the macro environment. A trend is a direction or sequence of events that have some momentum and durability. According to futurist Faith Popcorn (1992) a trend has longevity, is observable across several market areas and consumer activities and is consistent with other significant indicator that occur or energy at the same time. A new product or marketing programme is likely to be more successful if it is in line with strong trends rather than opposed to them. Companies and their suppliers, marketing in termediaries, customers and competitors all operate in a macro environment of force and trends that shape opportunities and pose threats. Within the rapidly changing global picture the firm must monitor six major forces: demographics, economics, natural, technological, political-legal and socio-cultural. Now we will analyze the there markets i.e. Poland Hungary and Czech republic on the basis of six macro- environments forces and analyze their needs (Market needs and Customers need) for central heating system. After analyzing markets trends the launch product in the said markets could be prioritized. During analysis we also take care of financial analysis of the product through Return on investment analysis. This process is called target- return pricing for the product. The firm determines the price that would yield its target rate return on investment (ROI). Many firms use target pricing. The target-return price is given by formula, Target return price = unit cost + desired return * invested capital/unit sales. After fixing the desired return company could easily analyze and perform break-even analysis so that it could assess that how many minimum numbers of units of product selling is essential to match their investment (Kotler, 2003). (For data see appendix) Poland: It is one of the Central European countries having population of 38.6 million. After world war -II until 1989-90 it remained under communist control as well as members of Warsaw pact. During the last decade Poland has made the transition to democracy and to market based economies. Now it becomes EU member state. Poland was the first economy in Central and Eastern Europe to recover to pre-transition level of economic output. Growth in GDP since 1993 has been very strong averaging over 5% annually and making the polish economy between the fastest growing economies in Europe. However, GDP per capita (measured in terms of purchasing power parity) remains very much lower than the other western European union members. The most notable features of Poland's energy sector are its heavy dependence on coal and the depth of power sector restructuring both to date and planned for the future. The total installed power generation capacity in Poland amounts to approximately 33GW while peak d emand is about 24GW. So it is energy surplus country. Annual electricity consumption stands at around 124 TWL of which about 63% powers the industrial sector (including

Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) Marketing Report

Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) Marketing Report 1. Jaguar Land Rover company profile Jaguar Land Rover Cars (JLR), founded in 1922, is one of the worlds premier manufacturers of luxury saloons and sports cars. It is a business built around two great British car brands with exceptional design and engineering capabilities. Their manufacturing facilities are in the UK and currently employ over 16,000 people, predominantly in the UK (Tata Company Profile, 2009). In June 2008 Indias Tata Motors bought JLR from Ford Motors for  £1.15bn (BBC, 2008). The JLR business acts as a major wealth generator for the UK, with 78 per cent of Land Rovers exported to 169 countries and 70 per cent of Jaguars exported to 63 countries. Sales to customers are conducted principally through franchised dealers and importers (Tata company profile, 2009). However, since the acquisition Land Rover sales have fallen nearly 23 per cent in 2009, down to 144,133. Jaguar was also down by nearly 20 per cent to around 52,500 (Birmingham Post, 2010). 2. Recent developments: Jaguar Land Rover has reported a net profit of 55 million the financial year 2009. This has been possible because of the new models launched by the company in the year 2009. This includes the All New Jaguar XJ, which has reported impressive sales figures for the company. JLR has also secured various financial loans to continue its search for new models and new technologies. This includes the GBP 340 million loan from the European investment bank and also the GBP 175 million loan from the state bank of India (FT.com). They plan to employ the money in the production of Land Rover LRX concept, which is the smallest Land Rover to be launched. JLR is increasing its dependence on the emerging markets as it plans to increase its sourcing from the Indian market and also plans to moves it production to China (Coventry Telegraph.net). 3. Analysis: Competitor analysis Land Rover: Dimensions Land Rover Hummer Daimler Benz Toyota PRODUCT LINE ADVANTAGE Land Rover Presence can be seen in SUV as well as in sport cars. Hummer Has presence only in the SUV segment. Damiler benz A traditional player in all segments of car, suv and sports car manufacturing. Toyota Presence in almost all the segments of cars and trucks. SERVICE ADVANTAGE Land Rover Has presence of service networks all over the globe according to its product line. Hummer Limited presence in the world. Daimler  Benz A dealer network all over the globe Toyota An extensive dealer service available with the large product line offering. Low Cost Luxury cars (volume determinant) Land Rover No presence in this segment and low presence in the emerging markets. Hummer Reasonable price, no presence in the emerging markets. Daimler benz A strong presence in the low cost luxury market in all the emerging countries. Toyota A strong presence in the luxury market in all emerging markets. Retail Advantage Land Rover Has a dealer in all parts of the world. Hummer Low presence in emerging markets and in Africa. Daimler Benz Has the biggest network of dealers in comparison to the competitors. Toyota Has a dealer authorisation in all parts of the world. Technological Advantage Land Rover Has an growth in RD spending of about 11.6%in 2009. Hummer Development of new cars H4 and H3T. Daimler benz Plans to increase its RD spend to 12.6 billion euros over the next three years. Toyota Ranked number one company in RD spending for all the industries. Supply Chain Land Rover Has 1 primary manufacturing plant at Solihull, near Birmingham. Hummer Has 6 plants worldwide including assembly plants. With no presence in the emerging markets. Daimler benz Has plants spread out in all parts of the world including factories in emerging countries. Toyota Toyota conducts its business worldwide with 64 overseas manufacturing companies in 28 countries and regions. Recent Performance Land Rover They turned into profit in December quarter with net profit of 4.17 billion rupees Hummer Sales in the first three months of 2010 fell down by 72% to 855 vehicles. Daimler benz Mercedes has a 25.3% increase. Toyota A drop of 1.12 million units compared to the previous year. Local Collaborations Land Rover Has an advantage in the Indian market with the parent company TATA Motors in the country. Hummer None. Daimler Benz None. Toyota Has presence in all developed and emerging markets. Has factories in almost all parts of the world. Competitor analysis Jaguar: Dimensions Jaguar Porsche Daimler Benz BMW Product line advantage Jaguar Has a range of luxury and sport cars. Jaguar cars have lack of volume as there is a lower geographical spread for its models. Porsche Has presence in the sports car segment as well as the high end SUV segment. Daimler Benz A traditional player in all segments of car, suv and sports car manufacturing. BMW A presence in every segment from low cost luxury market to high class luxury cars and suvs. Service advantage Jaguar Lacks service advantage due to limited presence all over the globe. Porsche In accordance with the limited product line it has a small service network. Daimler Benz   A dealer network all over the globe. BMW A widespread dealer service network. Low cost luxury cars (volume determinant) Jaguar No presence in this segment as well as low presence in the emerging markets. Porsche No presence in this segment. But is building its presence in the high-end market of emerging countries. Daimler Benz   A strong presence in the low cost luxury market in all the emerging countries. BMW Maximum market share in this segment in emerging market behind Mercedes Benz. Retail advantage Jaguar Has a limited dealer network with even a few being company owned. Porsche Has just 2 dealers in India as an example. Daimler Benz Has the biggest network of dealers in comparison to the competitors. BMW Has authorized dealers all round the globe. Technological advantage Jaguar Has the highest RD spending for its segment of automobile companies. Porsche None Daimler Benz   Plans to double its RD spending this year to 1.4 billion dollars. BMW Has technology development and RD centre in emerging markets of China and India. Supply chain Jaguar Has only 3 factories in the UK. So a limited advantage of local production in the developed and emerging markets. Porsche Has only one production centre in Germany. Daimler Benz   None. BMW Has 24 factories in 13 countries including assembly factories in emerging countries. Recent performance Jaguar has witnessed a !3.6% drop in sales in 2010. Porsche has a 6 % increase in 2010. Daimler Benz  has a 25.3% increase. BMW also has 8.4% increase. Local collaborations Jaguar Has advantage in the market of India with the major presence of its parent company TATA motors in the country. Porsche None Daimler Benz None BMW Has significant presence in all emerging and developed markets. Has factories in emerging markets. JLR PESTEL analysis (2010): A more recent PESTEL and SWOT Analysis of JLR (2018) is available here > Political factors: After securing a loan from the European investment bank TATA has now taken a U-turn over its demand for loan from the UK government (Guardian.co.uk). Social factors: Employing large number of workforce: Jaguar Land Rover employs 15,000 people, surrounded within the UK including approximately 3,500 engineers at 2 product development centers in Coventry and Gaydon. To improve the production facilities: Manufacturing competence has improved at Jaguar Land Rovers Halewood plant with a pilot training programme that concentrated on developing employee skills and problem solving. A programme was developed in partnership with the National Skills Academy for Manufacturing (the Skills Academy) and training provider BUCAM, to combine traditional problem-solving with basic skills.( Clair Churchard) Technological factors: Jaguar Land Rover is known for its technologically superior cars. They also invented and commercialized the concept of aluminium body in their cars. Economic factors: Environmental Factors: JLR is recently searching on Wallenius Wilhelmsens Orcelle project for a lightweight environmentally sound ship that can carry 10,000 cars by using solar, wave and wind power which does not discharge any emissions into the environment or the ocean. Numbers of environmental initiatives are taken to improve the efficiency and reduce the CO2 emissions of Jaguar products. They use lightweight and recyclable material extensively and also highly efficient diesel engines. Jaguar Land rover has achieved full environment product certification for its model XJ in 2009.(Jaguar Website) Legal factors: Jaguar Land Rover is spending  £800m over five years to develop technologies designed particularly at dropping tailpipe CO2 emissions designed to meet the 25% improvement target set by the European Union which is well ahead of the industry average.(   Sam Abuelsamid  ) Land Rovers LRX Concept is a thinly veiled preview of the new small crossover the company is planning for launch around 2010. The unibody plan was created to prepare buyers for Land Rovers plans to introduce a bevy of smaller vehicles off a common platform in order to improve the brands fuel economy and CO^ output ahead of new EU legislation. Bowmans strategic clock: Jaguar: Jaguar is a strong innovation based organization, which is evident from the innovations it had come up with recently. This includes the usage of only 2 product lines instead of 6 it used previously. The analysis of its product lines shows that it desperately needs differentiation, which can be achieved through technological innovation and also through product line innovation. JLR has huge spending on RD but still has low RD spending in compared to other competitors like BMW, so innovation and differentiation in its product line is limited along with lack of cost savings is its production activities. Jaguar has low presence in the emerging markets compared to its competitors, which is an opportunity to launch attractively priced product. Land Rover: The brand Land Rover has a wider presence in the developing markets compared to Jaguar. Land Rover already has products the Freelander and Discovery targeted towards the medium end consumers. Land Rover to meet the EU legislation norms as well as the need of emerging markets has plans to come up with a range of smaller SUVs in 2011. PORTERS FIVE FORCES: Barriers to entry: Economies of scale: As our new launch of Jaguar XH requires high capital investment for the manufacturing of our new car which is environmental friendly and targeting a specific segment of the market .So the risk of new entrant is high as other big players might try to imitate the same concept. Knowledge and Technology: The ideas and knowledge that provides competitive advantage over others is its unique hydrogen-based technology which creates barrier to entry. Product Differentiation: As the new product has to be different and accepted by the customers. So, we are providing our customers with the expected attributes of premium luxury cars. Access to distribution channels: A well developed distribution is must for its success when a new product is launched in the market. So we will take advantage of well established TATA Motors channels across the world. Buyers: Swithching cost: As it is first of its kind, so they have no options to switch over. Number of customers: The bargaining power of buyer is low as there we have mentioned in our switching cost that there are barriers to new entrants.There is no forward integration of buyers. Brand Image: the Jaguar Land Rover already has an established Brand Image as a manufacturer of premium luxury cars. Suppliers: Bargaining power of suppliers: Bargaining Powers of suppliers is less Threat of Substitutes PRICE BRAND:the threat that constumer will switch to a substitute product is ver low. BUYERS WILLINGNESS: The willingness of the customers to buy this product will be because of the higher efficiencyand good quality of an eco-friendly premium luxury car. Competitive rivalry: Number and diversity of competitors: This means the amount of competition in the car industry which appears to be in the luxury cars such as BMW AND Mercedes in Europe, Lincoln and Cadillac in U.S. Exit Barriers: If the new product fails in the market then it is not easy for the company to exit because of the involvement of huge capital investments. Product quality:To maintain its new generation premium luxury car the company has to make manufacturing improvements continuously to furher keep uplift its quality. Jaguar land Rover Financial Performance: JLR has shown a substantial increase in the last couple of quarters. Due to the seasonality change in the JLRs business cycle, management has gained confidence in continuing its positive financial performance going ahead. JLR turned a Net Profit of about  £55mn in the last quarter of 2009. Jaguar Land Rovers combined sales volume have increased to about 28% QoQ to 56700 units which was about 44300 units for the 2nd quarter of 2010. The revenue of TATA motors grew by 47 percent to 26,774 crore. The stock market has given a thumbs up to TATA Motors as the stock moved up by 6.33 percent in Feb,2010. The retained earnings for JLR for the third quarter for 2010 has been  £55mm. TATA Motors Limiteds Net Debt stands at about Rs22,745 cr. Of this the aggregate long term debt is around Rs 16,302cr of which 50% has to be repaid over the next few years. The Net Debt to Equity ratio is 4.1, which is believed to be very high.(Angel Broking) Business Strategy: From the competitor analysis it is very much evident that the Land Rover brand for JLR is doing much better than the brand Jaguar. The sales After the takeover the head office decisions for JLR is now made in India. India also is a country, which provides cheap labor, lower cost of production and cheap logistics in comparison to markets like UK and USA. The Indian government also has is making constant efforts to encourage FDI in production. May other automobile giants like BMW and Volkswagen and Renault have also made major investments in the manufacturing sector in the previous couple of years. Chennai is now becoming the hub for automobile manufacturing in India. Jaguar has 3 factories in the UK, which have been reporting heavy looses in the past couple of years. So considering the above mentioned conditions, our business strategy is as follows: To establish an assembly plant in India taking advantage of TATA established manufacturing plant across India. To fund this assembly plant through the Loan secured from the State Bank of India. To supply cars to the Indian market, Sub continent market and the South-east Asian market through this plant. There will be drastic fall in the prices of all models with this The materials needed for our innovative product The Jaguar XH will be available cheaper in an emerging market like India. This includes the waste of wheat crop needed for the plastic and interiors of the car. We also propose Jaguar Land Rover to establish their next RD centre in Mumbai, India along with the RD centre of TATA motors. This RD centre will be the main hub for innovating the proposed Jaguar XH. The upward trend in the financial analysis stets that the financial condition of JLR is improving. And there are increasing cash reserves for investment. The loans received by JLR amount to GBP 515 million which will provide us the resources required for implementing our innovation strategy. According to our analysis above we recommend a business strategy that states that Jaguar Land Rover needs to catch up with its competitors and take advantage of its parent company presence in India. We have also laid a base for launching our innovation strategy by establishing RD and marketing hub in India. The budget allotment for these investments will be made in latter sections. Innovation Strategy: New product development: Product innovation: According to the analysis conducted above Jaguar has the back up of financial and technology resources to innovate and make its way back into the premium selling business. Our idea of innovation is to come up with a commercially applicable technology in the highly competitive world automobile industry. Hydrogen cars are making headway in the RD centre of many automobile giants. Our innovation is to come up with a high-end environmental friendly car, which can be commercially viable technology for high-end buyers to spend. The idea generated by our group is to come up with a product, which not only has a hydrogen engine but all the other components used in the car are environment friendly. This includes the seats, tyres, aluminum body, reduction in pollutants etc. Unlike other manufacturers we recommend to launch a high end product. The reason for this is to target our new technology to customers that are willing to pay the price for a better, faster and an environmental friendly car. Product description: We have named our product as the Jaguar XH (H for hyrogen). The hydrogen technology is chosen for 3 reasons first being the fact the new innovative technology of hydrogen cars, which is gaining momentum in the automobile industry. Secondly, This technology can give Jaguar and TATA the competitive advantage they need to gain back their lost brand awareness. And lastly, the awareness of the overall environmental impact in the automobile industry has been growing as European and U.S. regulations, e.g. for vehicle emission, have become more stringent. Aluminum body: A cars body makes up around 25% of its total weight, so Jaguar uses aluminum wherever possible to make weight savings. And because the body is lighter, the braking and suspension components do not need to be as big, equaling more weight saving. The aluminum body developed by Jaguar helps in its cars to become lighter and faster. Aluminum technology also makes the cars safer meeting increasingly safety requirements. All the body parts including the nuts and bolts are made of aluminum reducing the car weight considerably. (Power aluminium) Environment Friendly Paint: Painting vehicles has in the past been one of the auto industrys biggest environmental challenges stated by Mary Ellen Rosenberger. We are planning to develop paint; which is environment friendly. The technology will combine an advanced chemical formulation, which will be made of high-solids, solvent- borne paint. The high solids, solvent borne paint helps to produce fewer volatile organic compounds (VOC) and CO2 emissions than the water borne and current solvent-borne paints. The innovative three wet coating which, are to be applied on the vehicle, are on top of the other, without any drying time during the coats. Doing this will reduce the process in painting, which will lead to a smaller and more efficient paint shop. There are high hopes for this technology and it is estimated that doing this will help save about $7 per vehicle by cutting the time it takes to paint and will even cut back the CO2 and VOC emissions by 10 percent. Even environmentally it will cut down the greenhouse gasses by 15 percent (Auto week). Bio Fabric seats: Bio fabric helps in reducing co2 emissions because it is made from plants. It concerns about durability, it is not only smooth and soft to touch but also has long life. It is ideal for seats covers, door trims, floor mats and some more. It is produced in the same way as polyester materials, which is petroleum, based, so basically there is no need for the special technology. Main difference is that they take 10 to 15% less energy to make and save up to 30% in co2 emissions and co2 is emitted when the car is disposed. (Honda) The futuristic plastic interiors: We plan to implement environmental-friendly wheat straw-reinforced plastic in our vehicle. Its just the third-row interior storage bins made from the natural fiber-based plastic that contains 20 percent wheat straw bio-filler, this application alone reduces petroleum usage by some 20,000lbs per year, cuts CO2 emissions by 30,000lbs per year, and represents a smart, sustainable usage for wheat straw, the waste byproduct of wheat. Wheat straw-reinforced resin has many advantages over non-reinforced plastic, which is currently used by most of the auto companies. It has better dimensional integrity than a non-reinforced plastic and weighs up to 10 percent less than a plastic reinforced with talc or glass. We will consider center console bins and trays; interior air register and door trim panel components, and armrest liners to be made from the wheat straw-based plastic. We recommend the usage of such materials for the Jaguar XH. (Gizmag.com) Eco friendly tyres: Bridgestone ECOPIA EP150 eco-friendly tyres will be used in the car Jaguar XH These low rolling resistance tyre combines high-level wet safety with lower fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. These tyres meet the challenging objective of combining top-class wet safety with reduced rolling resistance, leading to higher fuel efficiency and lower CO2 emissions. These Bridgestone tyres are made of materials technology called NanoPro-TechTM combined with a new tread design. NanoPro-TechTM produces a lower rolling resistance by reducing energy loss in the top compound during rotation. The new tread design features thin rib and a connected block by which contact pressure and wet braking performance is enhanced. ECOPIA is Bridgestones flagship brand that helps to increase vehicle energy efficiency and thus contributes to the prevention of global warming. This is achieved by tumbling rolling resistance and/or saving resources whilst maintaining various performances needed of tyres, especially advanced safety performance. (News Market) Coolants: Hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are compounds made up of hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, and carbon atoms. HCFCs are a substitute to CFCs that are used as a coolant in refrigerators, aerosols, cars, etc. Earlier CFCs were used as a coolant and because it had classes of compounds that used to deplete the ozone layer, HCFCs are now used as a substitute and are not as harmful as compared to CFCs.(Science J rank) Hydrogen technology: The Jaguar XH is a car which is good for the environment. For the very first time, this car will be sold to the direct customer on a full scale basis and will be the most environment friendly car in the world. Based on the same design that is currently being used by Honda FCX Clarity, the Jaguar XH will use a hydrogen tank that will pass hydrogen through a battery and produce energy which will in turn run the motor of the car. This car uses no gas of any kind and hence does not leave any harmful pollutants. Hydrogen is stored in a tank and is then passed through a fuel cell which combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity. The vehicle is then propelled by an electric motor which leaves behind only clean water vapour behind hence making it a zero omission vehicle. Source: Honda Clarity However, as compared to petrol, hydrogen does not affect the environment in any way possible and the only emission that is released is water vapour. So even though hydrogen may be very environment friendly, it simply fails to produce as much as energy as petrol can give. In other words, the car will not run as fast as it does when petrol is being used. There are a couple of innovative strategies that can be used in order overcome this barrier of speed and efficiency. We propose to design and make the car more aerodynamic and sleek and made of aluminium. Aluminium is used as it is lighter than steel and is strong as well. Although the estimate cost to setup one large hydrogen fuel station would cost about $1.16 million approximately (Energy independence), we do not plan to set these up during the initial years till we see a marginal increase in our sales for jaguar XH or other companies may want to join partnership and build the hydrogen fuel stations in different parts of every city. Our proposed business strategy would be to set up a huge hydrogen fuel stations in different parts of the country based on a location strategy. For example: there would be 8-10 hydrogen fuel plants in different parts of UK. For example: London, Bristol, Manchester, Birmingham, Newcastle, Edinburgh, etc. The diagram shown below, demonstrates as to how hydrogen will be produced at each of our plants. Source: Argonne National Laboratory Our strategy is to deliver fuel to our customers rather than them coming to us and refueling. By strategically placing these 10 stations all over UK, we would be able to deliver fuel to our customers much more efficiently and effectively. Although this may sound a little strange, there is a logical reasoning behind this strategy. To set up each fuel pump (small) across the country would cost approximately $253,000 which is exorbitant. (Energy Independence) . So in order to save up a lot on cost, we plan to just set up 8 to 10 factories in strategic locations. Now our customers do not need to come to the factory to refuel but we would go to them instead. It may then seem as to how fuel can be delivered so often. But a litre of hydrogen can run the car for approximately 390 kilometers. Hence it will be more cost effective for us to deliver the fuel directly as per their convenience. We would have mini fuel trucks like the size of the regular ambulances that will be particularly be impo rted from India (as the cost is low) and will run on LPG and the emission from these vehicles will be controlled as well by using the 3-way catalyst technology. (Nett). Each location will have an average of 5 to 10 fuelling trucks depending in the demand of the vehicle in those particular cities. Now, if the owner of the car sees that his car is running low on fuel, all he needs to do is to make a phone call. But then what if he already runs out? Every car is fitted with an emergency hydrogen tank which is attached to the main tank. This emergency tank will contain a litre of hydrogen enough to run the car for approximately 390 kilometers. Marketing and Commercialization plan: Product Planning :- Marketing of our new innovation Jaguar XH (hydrogen) Target market: This product will be targeted towards the upper class segment in the US and UK markets, the product will offer new hydrogen technology to its consumers. The major attraction for this segment of consumers will be the new hydrogen technology and the higher speed and efficiency offered by this technology. New Product development Policy: We recommend company will continue investing in Research and Development for updating and improving our new product according to latest developments and trends in consumers tastes. The special RD budget for this product will be calculated in the section ahead. First environmentally friendly car to be sold on retail basis in the UK and US market in the year 2013. Pricing- policies and procedures relating to: Price Level: Our product will be expensive and target the premium segment and its price will range between GBP 1.5 million to GBP 1.8 million. Margins to adopt: Considering the heavy investment in the project. We would start with a heavy margin and slowly tighten the margin on the basis of market competition. Price Policy: Our Company will follow One-Price policy in a country but price may vary between U.S and U.K depending upon Government taxes and Import Export tariffs Branding- policies and procedures relating to Brand Policy: The car will be available in the market under the brand name of Jaguar. Channels Of Distribution- policies and procedures relating to: The car will be available to end users through already established showrooms of Jaguar in U.S and U.K. also the existing channels of distribution will be proposed. Advertising- policies and procedures relating to: Product Image: Our product will be the first of its kind. It will be the worlds most environmental friendly car and this will be its unique selling point. It will be marketed as the worlds first fastest sedan because of the advantages of hydrogen technology. A heavy budgeted marketing plan will be needed, as this product will be the next biggest innovation to hit the industry after the TATA Nano. Corporate image: Jaguar is famous for years for manufacturing quality luxury and sports cars for upper and upper middle segment of the market. With the takeover by TATA, it will be benefited by the reputation that TATA enjoys of an innovative company. Mix of Advertising: Our car will be advertised through Ads on T.V, Internet. Big boards and banners will be displayed in the main and commercial areas in cities of U.S and U.K. Promotions- policies and procedures relating to: Tag line The Greenest Leaping Cat Will be marketed with an expensive marketing budget of GBP 100 million through all possible promotional sources. As the worlds most environmental friendly car ever. Display and launch- Our car will be first displayed and launched in Auto Expo in U.S and U.K in 2015 and all other major automobile expos held in all parts of the world. It will be available for test-drives at Jaguar showrooms in U.S and U.K. It will also be put on display for public at major airports in U.K and U.S. Servicing- As this is an all new product and technology, servicing could be a biggest challenge that JLR will face. All arrangements will be made for after-sale servicing of our new car at all the service centre for Jaguar in U.S and U.K. Also auto parts will be made available with the dealers for replacements in case of damage by accidents.( Harvard Business School) Budget estimation and RD: Spending heads Estimated Spending (Amt. In million pounds) 2010 (Projected) 2011 ((Projected) 2012 (Projected) Research Development 800 600 600 800 Car Development Outsourcing 160 Fuel

Argentina, Soccer, and Racism :: American History

Argentina, Soccer, and Racism Soccer in Argentina, is an important way of life, for most young people, it is the only way of life. Children would clear pastures (fields) of rocks, and mark the goals off with stones. The people were so poor that there was no ball, they used women's stockings all wrapped up together. From a very young age the children were taught to play for the love of the game, nothing else. For these young children, Argentine soccer was a way of life, not just a sport, it defined who these people were. More than 85% of the people that live in Argentina are of white European decent. 15% are a mix between European and Indigenous people, better know as 'Mestizos.' During the colonial period Argentina consisted of a large black population, but as the 19th century came about the population dwindled to a few thousand. The reason for this decline in the black population was due to many things: There were many wars which mostly blacks participated in, racially missed marriages took place, because there was a shortage of black men, disease and also the slave trade. "Overall, however, the substantially reduced numbers of Afro-Argentines — by some accounts the population totals only a few thousand — have enabled Argentina to deny the historic relevance of blacks and portray theirs as a white nation free of racism. An article appearing in The Montreal Gazette in 1998 quotes a Buenos Aires museum director's response to the possibility of an Afro-Argentine exhibit: "We hav e too many important events and personalities to show. We can't waste space putting things that don't have any relevance to our history." The country's self-image coexists with continued manifestations of racism. The same article explains that when the Argentine soccer team was to play either the Brazilian or Nigerian team in the Olympic finals, a sports newspaper ran the headline, "Bring on the Monkeys," eliciting protests from the governments of both potential opponents. As of the late 1990s efforts by scholars like Andrews, Goldberg, Chace, and others seek to confront such persistent racism and ensure that the historic significance of Afro-Argentines is not forgotten."(Roanne Edwards) Soccer is one of the largest sports in the world, and grosses $250 billion dollars a year. The organization know as FIFA, promotes the "shared common values that transcend culture, social division and racial differences.

Hearing Loss Attributed to the 21st Century use of Personal Music Player Essay

In the recent few years leisure noise has become one of the threats to the hearing as it can reach high volumes and an increasing number of people are exposed. The danger is not only exposed by the music from the clubs but also it has been extended to the new generation of music players which are known to produce sounds at high volumes. Across Europe it is estimated that millions of people are using personal music players on a daily basis and in most of the cases these gadgets are being used inappropriately putting the user at a great risk of ear damage. This is a serious concern as the emerging technology may cause numerous problems to the people who are fond of using these entertainment gadgets. To add salt into the injury the users are exposing themselves to this particular danger for a long time as they are spending substantial time listening to music using ear phones. The amount of time one exposes to the sound of loud music from the personal music players increases the chances of hearing loss. The children and the youth are at risk as they have been noted to constitute the highest proportion of users. In this paper I will discuss the dangers involved in the use of personal music player and at the same time bring into the understanding who should be blamed for the hearing loss as a result of the constant use of these gadgets. Is it the makers of the personal music players or should we blame the users for putting their life at risk? A scientific study that was carried out for the European Union revealed that noise from the personal music players is a routine pollution for many people. It threatens permanent damage of the ear to as many as hundred million people in Europe and other parts of the world. The report indicated that those people who listened to the music for a continuous five hours per week on high volume were exposing themselves to high noise than it is allowed in the factory work places. This means that users of the personal music player who prefer to listen to their music on high volume are at a worse position than workers who are located in a noisy factory in an industrial hub. (Linkov,I and Steevens,J 2009 359) Experts argue that the maximum volume from these equipments can generate as much noise as an aero plane that is taking off. That kind of noise is enough to make a person have a quick and permanent hearing loss. The worst thing according to this report is that the users do not realize the problem until very late. This is the time when the damage has already been caused and nothing can be done about it. It is a very sad situation where a young person with bright future prospects losses his or her ability to hear at such an early age, it can be a very devastating experience but whom do we blame? Do we pass the buck to the manufacturer of these gadgets fro their neglect or do we blame the users for sometimes knowingly exposing themselves to dangers through their constant use of the music players. (Jameson,P and Romer,D 2008 347) The MP3 generation is headed for permanent hearing impairment in the cause of their lives. The youth are at the greatest risk as well as the older people too, in twenty seven countries across Europe it is estimated that fifty to a hundred million people out of five hundred people may be listening to a portable personal music player at any given time. Equivalents of five percent listeners who expose themselves to these new generation entertainment gadgets for more than one hour are at the greatest risk. These statistics have raised fears among some people prompting them to take some actions so as to avoid a future generation which has numerous problems which has been caused by things which can only be described as luxurious. In the year 2006 a man in Louisiana sued one of the manufacturing firms, The Apple claiming that this company had failed to take enough steps to prevent the problem of hearing loss among the users of one its popular product, the iPod. The suit which was filed in a federal district court in California city of San Jose claimed that iPod produces a sound which is as loud as one hundred and fifteen decibels when the maximum sound that is considered safe for listening is eighty five decibels. To this man the Apple Company was to blame for the problem that is threatening to have millions of deaf people in some years to come. I tend to disagree with his sentiments as it is clearly evident that the ipods sold by this company and many other manufacturer comes with a warning in the manual where the users are warned about the dangers they expose themselves into through playing the music in high volumes from their personal music players. It is blatantly clear that the users expose themselves to the risk of hearing loss through ignoring the warnings given by the manufacturers. The companies can not escape blame too, such warnings are printed using very tiny fonts such that not all the users might get a chance to read the small inscriptions which are usually placed on a page where the user might not even see. (Kirk,R and Mayshork,C 2007 73) The risk involved do not only come from ipods, the portable phones and personal stereos pose a similar problem as their earphones leads to a high sound exposure than any other type of a listening device. It has been stressed that young people who continue to expose themselves through listening to the high volume music from their music devices usually run into the risk of developing some hearing complications by the time they hit their twenties. Problems such as persistent tinnitus which is induced by high volume music has been reported common among the people in their youth and are constant users of the personal music devices. Despite this problem the same people continue using these devices. Therefore the problem squarely lies with the users, they are clearly aware of the risks involved, they have gone through numerous problems which have been as a result of their insatiable appetite for entertainment but they still continue to expose themselves to the risk. This can only be termed as deliberate move by these users to harm themselves and it is for this reason we can not blame the companies for the problems that are being experienced by the MP3 generation. The manufacturing firms only came to fill the gap that existed; they offer satisfaction to the people who are keen on entertainment especially when they are on move. They have clearly indicated the dangers one can expose him or herself to if the device is not used properly, that is if it is put on high volumes but the users choose to ignore such information for their personal reasons. (Tulchinsky,T and Varavikova,N 2000 285) The choices we make in life determine the direction we head, if we make the right ones we will always be on the right direction, if we happen to take the wrong choices as we mostly do then we are bound to blame others for the trouble we may get ourselves into later in our lives. It is extremely important for us to make the right decision as pertaining what we do as the opposite can lead to devastating effects. People have a choice of either buying a personal music player or any other similar device, they make a choice as to whether they will listen to the music high or low, it is basically a matter of choice. There is nothing about MP3 technology that can directly lead to hearing loss. It is the choice we make. For those users who choose to always put their devices at manageable and recommended sounds the problem of hearing impairment might not affect them but for those who choose to ignore the warnings given by the manufacturers, this problem will affect the rest of their lives. They just make a mistake of listening to the music on loud volumes for too long therefore exposing themselves to al manner of dangers associated with the noise. (Chan,S and Kwok,S 2003 34) The European Union is planning to regulate the volumes on personal music players and other stereos due to the fears that usage of these devices is causing the damage to the ears. This action has been precipitated by the findings of the scientific commission which was given a task of coming out with ways in to which this problem that is threatening the ability of million to hear can be tackled. In normal circumstances the personal music players are allowed to go up to one hundred decibels but when it used with an inbuilt headphones the sound can go up to one hundred and twenty. This is way above the recommended safe sound volumes which are close to eighty five. The recommended sound levels by the European Union committee are eighty, a figure which has been pointed out as safe enough to warrant any fears. This clearly points out that it is only a matter of educating the users on how they are supposed to go about listening to music using their sophisticated technology. If someone decided to ignore the message, he or she can not blame the manufacturing company for the problems that hearing problems which might occur later in life due to inappropriate use of the device (Linkov,I and Steevens,J 2009 359) For the sake of those who ignore the information given by the manufacturers, the makers of these devices should be advised to limit the volume levels so that they do not exceed the recommended limits. Though this might affect their sales it is the right thing to do as it will save those who have a problem following the given instructions. The company will in the short term suffer minimal losses but in the long term they will have more users as they will have expanded the markets as the effects of these devices to the ears will be minimal. The users will have won the confident of the music players as they have been set according to the standards which are considered safe for average use. (Davis,G 2004 40) The government can not limit the time a given person will spend on the personal music player. This is an individual choice; we spend as much time as we can get on these entertainment gadgets. Therefore it is up to the users to limit themselves as to how long they are going to be exposed . The user should ensure that they spend less time listening to the music through their devices to minimise the risk involved. All these points indicate that the manufacturing companies have no role to play as far as the usage of the personal music player is concerned. Their duty is to inform the users of the dangers involved through playing it loud and continuos exposure over a long period. The rest lies with the person using the gadget to decide how much time he or she is going to spend listening and on what volume they will get their music. If one decides to put his or her health at risk you can not turn at the company and blame it for the presonal problems which were as aresult of own volition. The government has the responsibility of ensuring that the manufacturing company follow the standards as far as making of the personal music players is concerned. This will go a long way in saving the users who are conscious about their health. The recommeded standards should include limiting the volume settings to a particular level which can not harm the user even if the decide to ignore the warnings. People need to take a responsibility as far as their actions are concerned. There is a need for every user to take precautiosn as far as usage of these devices is concerned. Inappropriate use can lead to devastatiting health effects which would have been prevented if the user was careful. Technology advancement has come to make our lives easier and more enjoyable. This can only be achieved if we use this technology appropriately,use of personal music player beyond the recommended sound volume can lead to seroius effects which are not related to the manufacturing. The user have all the responsibility to ensure that this piece of sophistication does not harm him or her rather it serves the right purpose which is entertainment. (Markel,G 2007 25) The manufacturing company should carry a warning on the users who violate the instructions which comes along with the product. They have a responsibility to save the end users from their own ignorance. They can do this through offering and sponsoring sessions where users get to be taught on the proper methods of handling these entertainment equipement. This can help save some people but the biggest part should be played by the end user,they must use the device responsbly so as to avoid complications that might be brought by high sound volumes besides the time spent listening to the music at the expense of other important actiivities such as studying. The sole responsbility of the hearing loss as a result of inappropriate use of the personal music player and other related devices lies squarely on the user. He or she has the ability to control its use and therefore ealding a healthy life. (Anderson,B 2004 103) Work Cited Tulchinsky,T and Varavikova,N The New Public Health:An Introduction for the 21st Century,Academic Press (2000) Linkov,I and Steevens,J Nanomaterials ,Spring Publishers (2009) Davis,G How to do Everything with your iPod and iPod Mini,Mac Graw Hill Professionals (2004) Chan,S and Kwok,S Culture and Humanity in the new Millenium:the Future of Human Value Chinese University Press (2003) Kirk,R and Mayshork,C Personal Health in Ecological Perspective,Mosby (2007) Markel,G Defeating the 8 Demons of Distraction,Geraldine Markel (2007) Jameson,P and Romer,D The Changing Portrayal of the Adloescents on the Media Since 1950,Oxford University Press (2008) Anderson,B Bringing Business to Life:Achieving Corporate Social Responsibility,ASQ Quality Publishers (2004)

Acars Via Iridium

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wisdom essays

wisdom essays A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man -1914, 1915- draws on many details from Joyces early life. The novels protagonist, Stephen Dedalus, is in many ways Joyces fictional double. Like Joyce himself, Stephen is the son of an impoverished father and a highly devout Catholic mother. Also like Joyce, he attends Clongowes Wood, Belvedere, and University Colleges, struggling with questions of faith and nationality before leaving Ireland to make his own way as an artist. Many of the scenes in the novel are fictional, but some of its most powerful moments are autobiographical: both the Christmas dinner scene and Stephens first sexual experience with the Dublin prostitute closely resemble actual events in Joyces life. In addition to drawing heavily on Joyces personal life, the novel also makes a number of references to the politics and religion of early-twentieth-century Ireland: the majority of Irish, including the Joyces, were Catholics, and strongly favored Irish independence. The Protestant minority, on the other hand, mostly wished to remain united with Britain. In A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, the young Stephens friends at University College frequently confront him with political questions about this struggle between Ireland and England. Today, James Joyce is celebrated as one of the great literary of the twentieth century. He was one of the first writers to make extensive and convincing use of stream of conciousness, a stylistic form in which written prose represents the characters stream of inner thoughts and perceptions rather than render these characters form an objective, external perspective. This technique, used in this novel mostly during the opening sections and in Chapter 5, sometimes makes for difficult reading. With effort, however, the seemingly jumbled perceptions of stream of consciousness ca...

The Control on Nature Essays

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Advantages Of Social Media

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A gay man's case against gay marriage Essay

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Quantitative Method in Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quantitative Method in Economics - Assignment Example This is the rate which the government has to charge firms involved in polluting the environment to compensate for the impacts of their operations to the environment. 16. The total tax revenue collected will be arrived at by taking the product of this tax rate and the estimated units likely to be produced. Assuming the units produced are Q*; the tax revenue will be 3.3698Q*. 18. Price elasticity of demand is the change in price relative to demand and it is a measure of the degree or extent at which price changes relative to the demand. It is worked out as the Change in demand divided by Change in price; 20. Depending on how elastic demand is will dictate the potion for the producers and that for the consumers. With inelastic demand as witnessed in our case, the producer will bear a smaller weight of the tax as compared with the consumers who will feel a greater pinch of the

Being Successful in a Sales Career Essay Example for Free

Being Successful in a Sales Career Essay It is usually the wish of every person to be successful. This is the reason why most people strive to secure careers that are not only successful but also lucrative. Business related careers are usually the most competitive; hence, they are quite flooded with people. A profession in sales is one of the business careers that are flooded. Salespersons are people tasked with the responsibility of foreseeing the selling of goods or services to other entities so that the company can make profits in return (Vogt). A career in sales is usually critical, hence, only the best are assigned these positions. Before one commences his or her career a salesperson, he or she ought to possess a number of qualifications. For instance, to be successful as a salesperson, apart from good communication skills, one ought to have patience as well as good attitude (Foley). The study aims to address the basic requirements that one ought to possess in order to be successful in a sales career. Listening and Asking Questions The reason why a career in sales is challenging is because it is vast due to the large number of people already present in this profession. Hence, in order to stand out, apart from being determined, one also ought to work harder. First, one needs to be confident. When one is confident, this increases chances of becoming successful since clients will also become confident in him or her. For this to be achieved, one ought to be inquisitive. That is, apart from asking questions, one has to pay attention to the answers being given by clients (Michaels). According to Michaels, this skill distinguishes ordinary salespersons from those that are skilled and successful. This is because most salespersons spend their time trying to convince clients into purchasing their products instead of discovering the actual needs of these clients. In order to portray confidence, one has to speak with authority about the goods or services. In such cases, consistency is mandatory. This is because any attempt to flatter or change attitude is normally devastating since it makes one appear fake and unprofessional (YEC). Being in possession of good listening skills is of great importance to salespersons since it allows clients express themselves freely, hence, increasing chances of customer loyalty (Foley). While listening, it is vital that one observes a number of skills. For instance, one ought to be sincere, that is, listening to customers without any hidden agenda whatsoever. Second, one ought to possess good ethics; this implies that good salespersons are not supposed to talk someone into something. They ought to listen to what clients want. Finally, to create good relationships, one also has to ask questions that will enable prospective clients make wise purchasing decisions (Michaels). In order to be a successful salesperson, one ought to be knowledgeable. In order to achieve this skill, salespersons need to ensure that they perform lots of research on the background of products they are selling and their capacities (YEC). For instance, good salespersons ought to comprehend products being sold in addition to articulating their value. This skill is quite essential since it boosts customer loyalty. Most customers prefer dealing with salespersons that have full knowledge of the prod ucts they need. For this to be achieved, knowledge is mandatory. Persuasiveness The main objective of a salesperson in any organization is to ensure that goods and services are sold, which is usually directly proportional to the company’s profitability. For a company to achieve the required profits, salespersons ought to be persuasive. By being persuasive, they are normally in a position to attract more customers into purchasing their products or services. In order to be persuasive, one needs to have good communications skill in addition to transparency as well as positive attitude. It is only though this that one will be in a position to attract more customers into making purchases (YEC). According to Foley, good salespersons use platforms such as seminars to persuade more customers into purchasing their products. Although it is the responsibility of every salesperson to be persuasive, what makes some salespersons successful than others is the manner in which they use their persuasive skills (Foley). One’s persuasiveness is normally determined by the manner in which he or she interacts with prospective clients. It is the responsibility of a good salesperson to initiate a conversation. The main objective of starting a conversation is usually to engage the client by asking questions that will make him talk. It is only after initiating a conversation that a salesperson is able to persuade his client into purchasing a product or service (Foley). When a client responds positively to the conversation initiated by the salesperson, this enables the salesperson obtain useful information on what the client really wants. Apart from the acquisition of insight on what the client wishes to purchase, the conversation also enables the salesperson know how much money the clients are willing to spend in addition to whether they will make any compromises or not. Acquisition of these insights is usually of great importance since it distinguishes skilled salespersons. It is through this inform ation that a salesperson is able to persuade a client into purchasing a product or service. According to Vogt, for a salesperson to be successful in persuading more clients into making purchases, one ought to be more of a friend than a salesperson. When a salesperson acts more of a friend, this increases chances of making more sales since clients feel at ease when interacting with such a person. In order to achieve this persuasive skill, one needs to ensure that he or she talks politely with prospective clients and with an attitude that is friendly. Through persuasiveness, clients become at ease since they tend to believe that the salesperson serving them is helping them make good purchase decisions and not trying to make them spend their money on goods and services (Vogt). Intelligence Although all salespersons can be persuasive, not all of them possess the intelligence factor. Intelligence is one of the main factors that determine whether a salesperson has a successful career or not. According to studies, for one to have a successful career as a salesperson, one ought to possess intelligence (Vogt). Intelligent salespersons portray a number of skills. For instance, they are usually self-motivated, this enables them interact positively with their customers, hence, increasing chances of making more sales. Intelligent salespersons rarely take no for an answer. This is because they know how to persist politely (YEC). Good salespersons know that rejection is part of sales; hence, not all sales end positively. Despite this form of awareness, great salespersons are never discouraged. This is because they never take rejections personally. Whereas normal salespersons embrace rejections, successful salespersons use them as stepping-stones to success. Apart from intelligent, successful salespersons are also personable as well as self-driven. These mixed personalities are usually of great importance to successful salespersons since they enable them acquire many prospective clients, hence, resulting to the creation of strong customer relations, which result to high dividends within a short period. Intelligent salespersons also possess good empathy; that is, the manner in which they interact with their customers. For a salesperson to be successful, he or she ought to relate properly with customers, for instance, supporting clients into making the right decisions. In order to achieve this, one ought to be in possession of personal empathy. Through empathy, salespersons are able to pay attention to the needs of prospective clients. Similarly, through empathy, they are also able to relate properly with clients (YEC). Conclusion Salespersons are usually the people tasked with the responsibility of ensuring that goods and services are sold. This profession is quite demanding since it requires lots of dedication. The salespersons profession is quite flooded, hence, to stand out, one ought to be determined and confident. In order to achieve this, one ought to embrace a number of factors. For instance, one needs to possess good listening skills. Through listening, salespersons are able to comprehend what the client needs as well as how much money a client is willing to spend on a certain product or service. Apart from listening skills, successful salespersons also ought to be knowledgeable. In order to achieve knowledge, they have to conduct research on the products and services they are selling. Finally, for a person to be successful as a salesperson, apart from being persuasive, one also ought to be intelligent. For a salesperson to stand out from the rest, he ought to be more of a friend than a salesperson. T his increases the chances of purchases since clients tend to become at ease with a friendly salesperson. References Foley, Len. â€Å"The Ten Laws of Sales Success.† Entrepreneur. 2014. Web. 15 November 2014. http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/239642 Michaels, Sharon. â€Å"3 Powerful Skills you must have To Succeed In Sales.† Forbes. 2011. Web. 15 November 2014. http://www.forbes.com/sites/womensmedia/2011/08/22/3-powerful-skills-you-must-have-to-succeed-in-sales/ Vogt, Peter. â€Å"Have a Great First Year in Sales.† Monster. 2014. Web. 15 November 2014. http://career-advice.monster.com/in-the-office/starting-a-new-job/have-a-great-first-year-in-sales/article.aspx YEC. â€Å"13 Traits of an Outstanding Salesperson.† INC. 2014. Web. 15 November 2014. http://www.inc.com/young-entrepreneur-council/13-qualities-to-look-for-in-your-next-sales-hire.html Source document

Actin Expression in Hela Cells by APAAP Immunocytochemistry

Actin Expression in Hela Cells by APAAP Immunocytochemistry Kunthavai Jeevananthan Isolation of mononuclear cells, cell counts, cell staining and immunochemistry Aims: to test the morphology of sheep’s blood smear and to calculate the number of viable cells and the percentage viability of live and dead mononuclear cells. To investigate and analyse actin expression in Hela cells by APAAP immunocytochemistry. There are three main components of blood these include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and thrombocytes (platelets). Leukocytes are produced and store in a number of locations called lymphoid organs inside the body such as the spleen, thymus and the bone marrow through a process known as haematopoiesis. They are part of the bodies primary defence mechanism against infections caused by disease causing microorganisms entering the body. Leukocytes are constantly produced and released into the bloodstream where they circulate the body travelling from organs to lymph nodes where they are stored via the lymph and blood vessels. There are three different types of leukocytes known as granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes (Kara, 2011). The granulocytes include eosinophils and basophils which are involved in immune responses and also neutrophils ingest and kill any foreign body that enter the body such as bacteria and fungi. Lymphocytes help to protect against viral infections whereas others develop into antibodies against foreign invasions. Blood smears and differential staining techniques such as the Giemsa and Grunwald staining can be conducted to analyse the morphology of blood cells to help diagnose blood disorders. Mononuclear cells also known as agranulocytes are white blood cells containing one lobed nucleus. These include monocytes and immunocytes such as B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages. Normal blood values vary from around 50, 00 to 10, 000 leukocytes per cubic millimetre. High values of leukocytes are known as leucocytosis and it is most commonly due to inflammations as a result of an immune response or blood diseases such as leukaemia (Marshall, 2008). Low values of leukocytes are known as leukopenia this occurs when the bone marrow is unable to produce sufficient RBC like for example neutrophils which leads to neutropenia, this can make the body more prone to diseases and infections therefore mononuclear cell counts are widely used in immunology, haematological malignancy, oncology and vaccine development to monitor immunological functions and to identify and diagnose blood related conditions. This can be achieved by the Ficoll-Hypaque technique; a density gradient method that separates lymphocytes from other formed elements in blood which can be removed and stained with trypan blue in order to be viewed on a haemocytometer under the microscope. Live cells have an intact cell membrane that is impermeable to certain dyes such as trypan whereas dead cells do not therefore viable cells with a clear cytoplasm and nonviable cells with a blue cytoplasm can be identified and calculated (Harlad and Heinz et al, 2004). Immunocytochemistry is the identification of a tissue by specific antigen-antibody interaction where the antibodies are marked with a visible label for examination under the microscope which was first described by Albert H. Coons in 1941. This technique was further developed in different ways by using different indicator molecules such as fluorescein molecules, biotin and enzymes i.e. peroxidase. APAAP (alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase) is an alkaline phosphatase method first described by Cordell et al in 1984 (John, 2008). Antibodies are proteins known as immunoglobulins (Igs) which are further categorised in to different isotypes. The IgG isotype is most commonly used in immunocytochemistry as its biding is more consistent. Actin is a highly conserved and abundant cytoskeletal protein which exists in six different known isofroms in mammals therefore it can be used to detect cancer cells like Hela cells, a continuously cultured strain isolated from human cervical cance r cells, as they are rapidly multiplying and are rich in Actin. Beta and gamma actin are known as cytoplasmic actin as they are expressed in non-muscle cells. Mouse anti-actin antibody is used in this technique as they are a form of highly conserved globular proteins which are found in cell mortality, structure and integrity of all eukaryotic cells hence are often found around the nucleus in the cytoplasm (Richard, 2010). Results Figure 1 Figure 1.1 Red blood cell Platelets Figure 2Figure 2.1 Figure 3: Hela cells only Figure 4: No Primary control Figure 5: Isotype control Figure 6: Actin Discussion The Giemsa and Grunwald staining of the sheep’s blood smear show the all the red blood cells are approximately the same shape and size however the number of red blood cells present appears to be fairly lower than expected. There are a number of reasons as to why this could have occurred such as lack of iron lead to failure of haemoglobin production therefore the number of red blood cells lost cannot be replaced efficiently. Other causes that may result in decreased numbers of erythrocytes may be due to bone marrow damage or disorders, internal or external bleeding and kidney failure. The red blood cells were all however the same shape and size which shows that there is no cause of concern for diseases related to abnormal shapes of RBCs such as sickle cell anaemia. Although the cells appear spherical in figure 1 this may be due to the low magnification and resolution therefore in order to confirm spherocytosis further analysis in higher resolution and tests need to be carried o ut. The light pink staining in the centre of the RBC shows that the area is less dense indicating the absence of a nucleus and the biconcave structure. The mononuclear cell count shown in figure 2 does not show any live mononuclear cells. There are a number of reasons as to why this may have occurred like for example when pipetting the separated white blood cells layer on top of the ficoll layer may have been taken from the wrong layer of cells. Another point to taken into consideration is that when removing the supernatant the live cells may have also been accidentally removed with it. As sheep’s blood cells were used instead of human blood the layering in ficoll is likely to be slightly different therefore in order to obtain a better sample of live and dead mononuclear cells the white blood cells should be removed closer to the bottom of the tube just above the red blood cell pallet at the bottom. In figure 2 there were no dead cells present in the centre square therefore the percentage viability cannot be calculated by dividing the number of live cells by the number of dead cells. The red blood cell count varies from perso n to person as factors such as the altitude and gender. The normal value of male blood count is 4.5 to 6.0 x106 and in females it is 4.0 and 4.5 x 106 therefore when comparing the sheep’s RBC count of 9.3 x 106 calculated from figure 2 is high. A high number of red cell counts may be due to lung diseases, kidney tumours and polycythaemia vera (PVC). The APAAP immunocytochemistry method conducted shows that the Hela cells are a single lineage as all cells in figure 6 were stained brown when incubated with primary anti-actin antibody and secondary polyclonal Goat anti-mouse antibody which are complimentary to each other hence they will only bind to the same cell lineage with the specific antigen. Figure 5 shows a positive isotype control of hela cells incubated with purified mouse monoclonal. This confirms that the actin antibody specific background staining shown in figure 5 were not due to non-specific interactions of antibody molecules with the HeLa cell sample. Figure 4 also shows that hela cells without the secondary antibody alone without the primary antibody convey no significant background staining caused by DAB hence also supporting the fact the background staining is highly antigen specific (Stross and Jones et al, 1989). This method can be used to analyse the cellular contents, localisation and the distribution of cells in their surroundings and their relationship with other cells in peripheral blood smears, swabs, cell cultures, histological biopsy and bone marrow aspirates hereby giving definitive diagnosis to tumour and cancer diagnosis. An alternative immunocytochemistry method is Avidin-Biotin complex (ABC). Similarly like the APAAP method it involves the application of a primary antibody, secondary antibody however APAAP complex is replaced with Avidin-Biotin peroxidase complex (Buchwalow and Bocker, 2010). Reference Buchwalow, I. B, Bocker. W. (2010). Immunocytochemistry: Basics and method: Immunostaning enchantment. 48-52. Germany. Springer-Verlag. Harald, T., Heinz, D., Trosten, H. (2004). Colour Atlas of haematology: practical microscopic and clinical diagnosis. 63-66. German. Georg Thieme Verlag. John, B. D. (2008). Theory and practice of histological techniques: 433-438. United States of America. Elsevier Limited. Kara, R. (2011). Blood: Physiology and circulation. 16-22. New York. Britannia educational publishing. Marshall, C. C. (2008). Diseases and Disorders: Blood diseases. 103-106. Malaysia. Library congress Catalkukuoging-in-publication-data. Richard, B. W. (2010). Immunocytochemistry: A practical guide to biomedical research. 1-10. United States of America. Springer science and business media. Stross, P. W., Jones, M., Manson, D. Y. (1989). Automation of APAAP immunocytochemical techniques J. clin Pathol. 42(1), 106-112.

Physics of White Dwarfs :: physics space white dwarf star

A collision where one party collides with another and leaves the scene is considered to be illegal in the United States. If a white dwarf would collide with the sun this would be the exact case. It would take around an hour for the white dwarf to go completely through the sun and then after causing great destruction and changing the chemical and physical properties of the sun it would just continue on its path and leave behind massive destruction. The first time a white dwarf and main sequence collisions were studied it was done by Michael Shara, Giora Shaviv and Oded Regev at Tel Aviv University and then Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa. These scientists use supercomputers to study the effects of various collisions. They concluded that if a sun like star was hit by a white dwarf 10 million times as dense, the sun like star would be destroyed and only minor warming would take place on the outside of the white dwarf. If the sun were to go through this type of collision it would not annihilate the earth but would cause all the water in both the atmosphere and in the oceans to boil away. No longer having the gravitational pull of the sun, the earth and other planets would wonder the galaxy. The Pauli exclusion principle is defined by Dr. Steven S. Zumdahl, "In a given atom no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers." Due to this principle, only two electrons can inhabit a single energy level. The electrons that share the same energy level have opposite intrinsic angular momentums which is more commonly known as "spin". To determine the direction of the spin the angular momentum vector is analyzed. A degenerate gas where the electrons exist in the lowest allowed energy level. Degeneracy pressure is caused by a degenerate gas. A degenerate gas is different from an ordinary gas because their electrons have much greater energies and higher momentums. The higher energy and momentum is the cause of the increase in pressure. The increase in pressure results in the electrons being in a higher state than what would be predicted. A white dwarf uses electron degeneracy pressure to support itself. It is because of the electron degeneracy pressure that white dwarfs have a small size relative to other types of stars.