Yoga for Stress Management

Introduction Different people have differing levels to which they can effectively withstand stressing environmental conditions. Factors such as personality types, the emotional stability attributes of different people, and personal temperaments may determine this ability (Kumar Sharma, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Yoga for Stress Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Exposure to stressing environmental conditions has negative consequences to both psychological and physiological health of an individual. Stress may have implication of low satisfaction in life and lead to incapacity for people to work both effectively and efficiently. At organizational level, stress correlates positively with burnout, which constitutes an important factor for high labor turnover (Adhia, Nagendra Mahadevan, 2010). In clinical settings, stress underscores one of the risk factors for cancer, hypertension, and diabetes among other chronic ailments. Although stress may have some positive implications on people, its management mainly concerns dealing with its negative consequences in all lifestyles. Stress management implies the deployment of psychotherapeutically designed techniques for reducing and keeping stress levels under check to ensure proper functioning of people in their everyday work. Yoga comprises one of these techniques having its historical roots in the Hinduism philosophy. For instance, Karma yoga, which is one of Yoga types, aids in controlling stress through the development of appropriate attitudes in relation to work environment coupled with enhancing the ability to respond positively to professional anticipations for managers and employees in any organization, its industry of operation not withstanding (Kumar Sharma, 2011). This research paper argues that everyone should practice yoga as it reduces stress, increases flexibility and stamina, and it can heal common aches and pains. It first presents the background to Yoga before discussing stress and its associated health and organizational managerial challenges.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The goal is to show that if yoga can reduce stress, then stress-related health challenges and organizational management challenges like burnout can also be resolved by embracing the practice. The last part analyses the contribution of the yoga lifestyle in dealing with stress. Background to yoga Yoga is among the six main pillars making the Hindu philosophy. For over one millennium, the philosophy has been fundamental to explaining various experiences of people with regard to mental complexities. Adhia, Nagendra, and Mahadevan (2010) posit that yoga constitutes a technique for lowering fluctuations of people’s mind to ensure that they reach reality of their real nature. It comprises v arious ethical and moral living guidelines. Breathing exercises are the key components for enhancing people’s consciousness and growth spiritually under the yoga sutras philosophy. Yoga Ashtanga comprises guidelines for moral behavior, cognitive learning processes, and various approaches to psychological coupled with physiological practices for improving life (Adhia, Nagendra Mahadevan, 2010). The concepts of Niyama together with Yama focus on inducing appropriate extrinsic behaviors in individuals with the main aim of lowering both bodily and mental disturbances in the quest to reduce stress levels. Yoga attracted the attention of modern elites of western nations from 1850s and later it developed in early years of 1900s. In â€Å"the early 1980s, yoga emerged as one of the popular physical exercise practices among westerners† (Kumar Sharma, 2011, p.19).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Yoga for Stress Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This form of yoga is commonly known as Hatha yoga. The ability of Yoga in alleviating stress and improving the functioning of people’s bodies led to conducting many studies on its capacity to reduce illness associated with stressful situations like asthma, cancer, and heart ailments (Kumar Sharma, 2011). In this sense, it relates to the reduction of mental anxieties to induce mental peace with people’s healthy lifestyles. Its application in clinical disciplines of study relies on psychoneuroimmunology theoretical principles (Yadav Sharma, 2012). In fact, Yoga is practiced with the belief that it has the potentiality of altering people’s personality, emotional, and physical characteristics coupled with fostering and strengthening the capacity to cope with stress positively. This assumption underlines the importance of teaching yoga practices like asanas, pranayama, mudras, and bandhas in physical practi ce lessons. Stress and its associated health and organizational challenges Lack of practice and excessive stress level that are beyond people’s stress thresholds may induce common illnesses such as aches and pains, inflexibility, and lack of mental relaxation. This aspect suggests that yoga principles can help to mitigate these challenges. Chong, Tsunaka, Tsang, Chan, and Wai (2011) argue that any system of yoga may reduce stress effectively, which underlines its continued popularity. Stress implies uncomfortable life through the reduction of its joy by conditions like insomnia and headaches coupled with backaches. These challenges constitute the symptoms of major epidemic illness like osteoporosis. Stress also correlates positively with vata derangement, which describes the condition of reduced instability and flexibility upon excessive rise of air related to the aspects in the body (Treven, 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More High levels of vita air have the implication of causing people to have mood swings due to lack of focus and sound mental state. Major symptoms for this condition include insomnia and anxiety and stress relates to these symptoms. In organizational settings, high stress levels among employees may lead to low organizational productivity. Hence, mechanisms of reducing it concern every manager. For instance, in hospital settings, addressing challenges that may result in high turnover levels among nurses remains crucial to hospitals’ management. Putting in place mechanisms of nurses’ retention is a critical measure for success of any heath institution. Nursing management scholars consider nursing as one of the stressful professions. For instance, Force (2005) argues that nurses often encounter situations that make them burnout. Handling injured and sick patients coupled with handling of almost dying people exposes nurses to emotional turmoil, which may result in higher workp lace related stresses. The value of service delivery within any organization depends on the extents of motivation of employees who deliver services to clients. In health facilities settings, nurses are the persons who are always in close contact with service seekers, viz. the patients. Hence, it is crucial for nursing management to ensure that nurses remain motivated by handling various situations that may render them to having low self-esteem and poor attitude towards their work. Consequently, if yoga practices can reduce stress levels, it implies that deploying it in the healthcare organizational setting can incredibly help in reducing the effects of turnover rates for nurses associated with burnout. Burnout constitutes a response to interpersonal coupled with emotional stressors within work environments. It has inefficacy and disparagement coupled with mental and emotional fatigue as its main aspects (Adhia, Nagendra Mahadevan, 2010). In particular, work-related burnout has nega tive implications on the effectiveness of an organization and its workers’ health. Research in organizational management indentifies burnout and discusses its complexity in affecting work relationships, which leads to organizational conflicts. In organizational settings, the relationship between stress and burnout suggest that yogic practices can offer holistic solutions that can foster its elimination (Adhia, Nagendra Mahadevan, 2010). Yoga lifestyle and stress management From previous discussions, stress is responsible for many challenges encountered by people, both in terms of health and in organizational settings. This aspect underlines the importance of posing the query on the effectiveness of yogic tendencies in managing stress in an effort to resolve challenges encountered in all lifestyles. Adhia, Nagendra, and Mahadevan (2010) study on the yoga practices’ contribution in the reduction of burnout-associated stress among managers hypothesize that managers who e ngage in the practices have higher probabilities of managing burnout more effectively as compared to those who deploy other approaches to mitigate it. The researchers conducted a controlled experiment involving 120 managers at Birla Cellulose Company, in India. They experimentally measured burnout with the help of standardized questionnaires demanding self-reporting after the administration of yogic practices (Adhia, Nagendra Mahadevan, 2010). The main yoga practices given to the people under experiment were spot-jogging, moving hands, and rotation of the body among others. Their experiment indicated that yoga practices reduce stress levels significantly among factory managers. The effect of stress reduction is the diminution of burnout. The managers involved in the experiment showed improvements in contextualizing their work environment through paying focus on the operations of the organization by virtue of the reduction of concentration on other environmental stressors. Therefore , the work of Adhia, Nagendra and Mahadevan (2010) challenges human resource managers across all industries to seek for mechanisms of implementing yogic practices within their organizations. This aspect can help them to manage strenuous environmental conditions effectively to mitigate incidences of workforce’s burnout. Strenuous stimuli can emanate from exposures to natural calamities. Hypothetically, the administration of yoga exercises to survivors of natural disasters can help to reduce stresses associated with the loss of both lives and property. Referring to past literature on the effectiveness of yoga in reducing stress associated with exposures to natural calamities, Telles, Singh, Joshi, and Balkrishna (2010) note that research indicates that administering yoga practices to persons, who have experienced natural calamities, can be effective in managing their stress when the practices are done for one week. The researchers sought to investigate the applicability of this scholarly finding in an Indian context. They administered yoga practices to survivors of the Bihar’s flooding one month after its occurrence in 2008. The study used a sample of 22 male volunteers between the ages of 34 and39 drawn from a population of 1089 flood survivors. The sample was divided into two. The controlled group proceeded with its normal daily chores. The other group enrolled for yoga practices. The practices were done for one hour each day, for one week. In a bid to determine the impact of the yoga practices, the researchers measured variability in heart rates for the two groups, their rates of breathing, and emotional distress. The group undertaking yoga recorded reduced sadness levels, while the controlled group recorded increasing anxiety levels (Telles, Singh, Joshi Balkrishna, 2010). This aspect suggested that the controlled group members were likely to experience more stress associated with exposure to natural disasters as compared to that undertaking y oga. The study by Telles, Singh, Joshi and Balkrishna (2010) suggests that yoga can eliminate negative feelings and thoughts in unconscious memory for people who have experienced natural calamities. Unconscious mind is the second part of the human mind from the perspective of the Freud’s theory of personality. It acts as the principle storage for all thoughts, memories, and feelings coupled with urges that exist outside people’s conscious awareness. With regard to Fleeson (2004), most contents of the unconscious memory are unpleasant or unacceptable under normal circumstances. They include feelings of conflict and pain coupled with anxiety among other issues. Emotional pain and anxiety experienced by survivors of natural calamities is most likely to be held in this part of people’s memory, which yoga can effectively remove. Despite the inadequacy of controlled experimental and empirical studies on the effectiveness of yoga in treating stress, literature on its m echanisms of reducing stress provides sufficient grounds for its ability to constitute a promising way of managing various stress-related health challenges. This goal can be achieved through the Kundaliniyoga school of thought (Granath, Ingvarsson, Thiele Lundberg, 2006). This pedagogy characterizes exercises with stimulation of blood flow coupled with increased blood supply in the brain and the nervous system. Exercises also foster supply of blood in the glands that control the endocrine system (Granath, Ingvarsson, Thiele Lundberg, 2006). The increasing concern over yoga to constitute an effective tool for managing stress prompted Chong et al. (2011) to conduct an intensive systematic review of various studies on the deployment of yoga in the management of stress. The focus was mainly on the RCTs and the CCTs. The study evaluated the studies based on their results’ capacity to lower stress levels coupled with stress-associated symptoms among adults. The studies reviewed b y Chong et al. (2011) indentified various methodological challenges, especially limited availability of follow up information on the capacity of the administered yoga practices, to have completely lowered stress levels in the adults taken through them. However, in all the studies reviewed, within the duration of administration of the yoga exercises, both male and female adult participants had lowered their stress levels coupled with recording reduced stress-related symptoms. The identified challenges in the existing studies on yoga and stress management by Chong et al. (2011) highlight the necessity of conducting studies investigating the long-term impacts of the yoga practices coupled with indentifying biological processes, which result in lowering of stresses after administering them. Granath, Ingvarsson, Thiele, and Lundberg (2006) compared various programs for managing stress with Kundaliyoga. The sample deployed in conducting the research was drawn from a big company in Sweden. Based on gender characteristics, the sample constituted 7 males and 26 females. Through random selections, for every intervention, there were two groups. Since the main goal was to compare behavioral approaches to stress management and the yoga methodology, there were four groups of participants. After administering different programs for the two mechanisms of managing stress for four months, based on variables like anger, mental exhaustion, and heart rate, no differences in results were indentified (Granath, Ingvarsson, Thiele Lundberg, 2006). Granath, Ingvarsson, Thiele and Lundberg (2006) study suggests that other approaches for managing stress can produce similar results to those realized after the administration of yoga. This observation invalidates earlier hypothesis that yoga practices produce better results when applied in stress management as compared to other approaches such as cognitive and behaviors approaches to stress management. Consequently, validations of Adhia, N agendra, and Mahadevan (2010) finding require further research to determine the condition under which yoga comprises the most promising and superior approach to stress management in organizational settings. Amid the necessary further research on the application of yoga in the management of stress among organizational executives, research discussed by Adhia, Nagendra and Mahadevan (2010) proves the effectiveness of yoga in the management of anxiety, which entangles a key component of stress. The study utilized 91 patients drawn from a population of people having anxiety neurosis. The patients were requested to select their preferred treatment approach. Fifty-three (53) selected therapeutic treatment using drugs while 38 selected yoga therapeutic treatment option. All the 91 patients were tested clinically and psychologically for anxiety before commencement of their respective treatment options. Similar tests were also conducted after completing the respective therapeutic treatments. Those taking yogic therapy registered decreased anxiety, while ‘locus of control scale’ reflected higher levels of concentration coupled with higher attention. However, these changes were insignificant statistically (Adhia, Nagendra and Mahadevan, 2010). The group taking drug therapy showed no changes when assessed on a different scale apart from the ‘locus of control scale’. Arguably, this aspect indicated a possibility of effectiveness of yogic therapeutic interventions in reducing anxiety as confirmed by later studies such as Granath, Ingvarsson, Thiele, and Lundberg (2006) and Telles, Singh, Joshi, and Balkrishna (2010). While deploying yogic exercises to manage stress, increase stamina, and enhance body flexibility or remedy common aches and pain, their proper administration is incredibly important. For instance, Treven (2010) notes that a vigorous asana lowers nervous energy, but care is vital while taking overdo. This assertion holds as strenuous exe rcises lead to exhaustion, which when not well balanced with yogic practices to induce relaxation, may cause higher vata derangement levels. This situation leads to symptom rebounds. Kapalabhati together with bhastrika may also counter higher levels of vata derangement (Treven, 2010). Reducing vata derangement requires yogic exercises like Malasana and Sarvagasana. Pratyahara comprises an important yogic practice in stress management. Adhia, Nagendra, and Mahadevan (2010) argue that although people may not notice, auditory coupled with visual stimulations cause a large variety of stresses in the current world. This stimulation emanates from cell phone vibrations, glaring at computers and television screens, street traffic noises, and interaction with other gadgets meant to make life comfortable. Consistent breaks from these stimulations using the yogic concept of Pratyahara may help in reducing stresses instigated by these stimulations. Hence, by deploying yogic practices effectivel y and repeatedly, it may become possible to deal with social, physical, and environmental stressors proactively. Conclusion Yoga entails an effective approach for the management of stress. Conducting yoga practices enable people to manage stressing situations effectively at both mental and physical levels. Based on the discussions on the use of yoga in managing stress, it functions at intellectual levels, subconscious levels, and physical levels. Although predominately employed in ancient India to induce stamina, its capacity to reduce stress in individuals makes it find applications in therapeutic interventions in medical settings to treat ailments associated with stress, and reduce risks factors for ailments whose symptoms are marked by anxiety and aches, which are also indicators of stress. Researches discussed in this paper indicate a positive correlation between yogic practices and low stress levels. Nevertheless, long-term research is critical to ascertain if the practices res ult in a permanent treatment for stress, or they should be done routinely to achieve long-term results in management of stress. Nevertheless, all people should practice yoga to attain the related benefits as espoused in this paper. References Adhia, H., Nagendra, R., Mahadevan, B. (2010). Impact of Adoption of Yoga Way Life on the Reduction of Job Burnout of Managers. The Journal for Decision Makers, 35(2), 21-33. Chong, C., Tsunaka, M., Tsang, H., Chan, E., Wai, C. (2011). Effects of Yoga on Stress Management in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 17(1), 32-38. Fleeson, W. (2004). Moving personality beyond the person-situation debate: The challenge and the opportunity of within-person variability. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(2), 83–87. Force, M. (2005). The Relationship between Effective Nurse Managers and Nursing Retention. Journal of Nursing Administration, 35(8), 336-341. Granath, J., Ingvarsson, S., Thie le, U., Lundberg, U. (2006). Stress Management: A Randomized Study of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Yoga. Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 35(1), 3-10. Kumar, J., Sharma, K. (2011). Karma Yoga: A Philosophical Therapeutic Model for Stress Management. International Journal of Education and Allied Sciences, 3(1), 15-22. Telles, S., Singh, N., Joshi, M., Balkrishna, A. (2010). Post Traumatic Stress Symptoms and Heart Rate Variability in Bihar Flood Survivors Following Yoga: A Randomized Controlled Study. BMC Psychiatry, 10(18), 1-10. Treven, S. (2010). Individual methods for reducing stress in work settings. Interbeing, 4(2), 1-5. Yadav, R., Sharma, R. (2012). Efficacy of a Short-Term Yoga-Based Lifestyle Intervention in Reducing Stress and Inflammation Preliminary Results. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 18(7), 662-667. This research paper on Yoga for Stress Management was written and submitted by user Derr1ck to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Roles of Identity in Asian American Citizenship essays

The Roles of Identity in Asian American Citizenship essays Within history Asians eligible for citizenship were considered to be a privileged. However, Asian Americans did not simply perceive citizenship as the right to vote or carry a passport but moreover the rightful membership in society - a membership that carries with it certain rights, loyalties, and duties. Unfortunately for Asian Americans, race has shaped the politics of membership and the determination of rights, loyalties, and duties for Asians Americans - acquisition of citizenship would not come easily. Thus, Asian Americans constructed several strategies to protest this inequality: community formations and identity constructions. The Asian American conception of citizenship included a sense of equality that seemed unobtainable. The diction and tone of subordination in Manuel Buakens recollection of the First Filipino Infantry to gain citizenship in 1943 conveys the futility of American citizenship - prejudice and racism distorted the sense of U.S. nationalism within Asian Americans. Buakens quotation of the posts public relations officers description of the ceremony reveals indirectly the fragmentation of citizenship - They are waiting at this moment for the only reward that they have asked - citizenship - real live nephews of the Uncle Sam they revere. (Filipino Regiment Member Manuel Buaken Fights for Freedom, 290 - 291) Despite the peril endured by the Filipino Infantry to aid American they were merely considered nephews of Uncle Sam - a menial status of citizenship unequivalent to common Americans. Furthermore, in the ceremonies closing speech Judge Welsh would quote, Citizenship came to us who were born here as a heritage - it will come to you as a privilege. (Filipino Regiment Member Manuel Buaken Fights for Freedom, 291) Implicit is a sense that the benefits of citizenship are integrated with race; Americas repression of Asiatic citizenship denotes that the Infa...

Thermodynamics and the Cooking of a Turkey

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Temperature Differentials Part of the problem, as described above, is that the different nature of the light and dark meat in a turkey result in different rates to reach the coagulation of the muscle proteins. If you cook it too long, the breast meat has coagulated; if you dont cook the bird long enough, the dark meat is still tough and chewy. Harold McGee, a food science writer, indicates aiming for 155 to 160 F in the breast (which concurs with the overall temperature indicated by Roger Highfield), but you want 180 degrees or above in the leg (a distinction Highfield does not address). Heating Differentials Since you ultimately want the breast and legs to be different temperatures, the question is how to successfully accomplish this. McGree presents one option, by using ice packs to keep the breast of the bird about 20 degrees lower than the legs while thawing, so that the legs get a heat start on the cooking process when theyre put in the oven. Alton Brown, of Food Networks Good Eats, once presented another way to establish different heating rates, using aluminum foil to reflect heat away from the breast, thus resulting in the legs heating faster than the breast. His current roast turkey recipe on the Food Network website does not include this step, but if you watch the related videos, it shows the steps involved in using the aluminum foil. Cooking Thermodynamics Based on thermodynamics, it is possible to make some estimations of cooking time for a turkey. Considering the following estimations, it becomes fairly straightforward: Assume the oven maintains a constant temperature throughout.Assume the thermal diffusivity is independent of temperature and time.Assume the turkey is so plump that it can be estimated as a sphere. You can then apply the principles of Carlaw Jaegers 1947 Conduction of Heat in Solids to come up with an estimate for the cooking time. The radius of the hypothetical spherical turkey falls out, resulting in a formula based solely on mass. Traditional Cooking Times Small bird - twenty minutes per pound 20 minutesLarge bird - fifteen minutes per pound 15 minutes It would appear that these traditional cooking times work well in conjunction with the thermodynamic calculations provided, which give the time as being proportional to the mass to the power of two-thirds. Panofsky Turkey Constant Pief Panofsky, former SLAC Director, derived an equation to attempt to more precisely determine the cooking time of a turkey. His problem is that he disliked the traditional suggestion of 30 minutes per pound, because the time a turkey should be cooked is not a linear equation. He used t to represent the cooking time in hours and W as the weight of the stuffed turkey, in pounds, and determined the following equation for the amount of time the turkey should be cooked at 325 degrees Fahrenheit. According to the report, the constant value 1.5 was determined empirically. Heres the equation: t W (2/3)/1.5 Particle Accelerators Create Shrink Wrap The plastic shrink wrap that turkeys (specifically Butterball turkeys) come in may also have an amazing connection to particle physics. According to Symmetry magazine, some of these forms of shrink wrap are actually created by a particle accelerator. Particle accelerators use electron beams to knock hydrogen atoms off of the polymer chains within the polyethylene plastic, making it chemically active in just the right way so that when heat is applied it shrinks around the turkey. Theres a bit more detail provided in the Symmetry article on the subject. Sources and Further Reading Thermodynamics OverviewThe Physics of Christmas by Roger HighfieldSymmetry Breaking blog - The Panofsky turkey constantPhysics Talks Turkey This ThanksgivingSymmetry magazine - Accelerator applications: shrink wrapFood Network - Good Eats Roasted Turkey recipeCocktail Party Physics blog - A Taste of Science for Turkey DaySymmetry Breaking blog - Physicists talk turkey

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Essay --

Icarus and Daedalus Once there was a young boy named Icarus. He was very proud of his father Daedalus who was the most famous sculpture, builder, and inventor of his time. His statues were so beautifully carved they almost looked alive. The palaces and gardens he built were magnificent. Word of Daedalus’ skill and cleverness spread far and wide. Even to the island of Crete, where a King named Minos had a disastrous problem with a monster called the minotaur. â€Å"So you see my problem Daedalus?† Minos asked, pointing to the beast. â€Å"The Minotaur has the strength of a bull, but the cunning of a man,† replied Daedalus. â€Å"No ordinary prison will hold him, that’s why I sent for you.† â€Å"Don’t worry King Minos,† Icarus exclaimed, â€Å"my father can invent anything!† Icarus’ faith in his father was not misplaced and sure enough after several weeks, Daedalus had come up with a solution. â€Å"I call it the labyrinth. The passages are so tangled and twisted, the minotaur will never find its way out,† said Daedalus, showing Minos his invention. â€Å"I say, build it at once!† shouted King Minos.â€Å"You should be proud of your father, Icarus. He truly is the cleverest inventor of all, and deserves to be well rewarded,† Minos continued, handing Daedalus a bag of gold. â€Å"Thank you, King Minos.’ Daedalus said, â€Å"But now we must return to Greece. Is our boat ready to sail?† â€Å"It is, but you will not be on it. You are far too clever to let go,† Minos said, â€Å"Guards, take them away. I decided to keep you and your son in Crete where you can invent more wonderful devices for me. And this I shall return to my royal treasury.† he said, taking the money back, â€Å"Lock them in the tower!† â€Å"You treturous-!† Daedalus started. â€Å"You’ll never keep us prisoners. My father wil... ...And do not fly too high, the sun’s heat will melt the wax. Your wings will fall apart. Just stay close and-† â€Å"Yes, yes. Oh father, isn’t this wonderful? We are truely like gods up here.† â€Å"No, Icarus, come down! You’re getting too close to the sun.† â€Å"No father. To the heavens! No one ever gets to fly this close.† â€Å"No! Icarus come down. The sun, you are too close to the sun!† â€Å"Father. Father! Ahhh!!† Icarus screamed all the way down, falling into the crashing waves below. â€Å"No! Oh Icarus, why didn’t you listen? Why didn’t you listen?† Daedalus cried. Daedalus slowly flew homeward with a heavy burden and a heavy heart. When he reached Greece, he built a memorial for his son. And Daedalus never flew again. Poor Icarus, he knew the danger of flying too close to the sun. His father had told him but he ignored his father’s advice and paid a terrible price.

Break-Even Analysis

Managers must know how different costs behave as the volume of sales expands or contracts. The study of the interrelationships of sales, costs and net income is called cost-volume-profit analysis. It is a key factor in many planning decisions. The essence of cost-volume profit analysis is gaining an understanding of how costs and profits change in response to changes in volume. This study is often called break-even-point analysis. This is a mistake because break-even-point, the point of zero net income is just a part of the cost-volume-profit concept and is often only incidental to the planning decision at hand.However, it is often the starting point of the analysis and provides insights into the possible dangers of certain courses of action (Peralta, J. l979). The following situation will be used as a basis for discussion and to demonstrate the techniques of and the need for cost-volume-profit analysis. We shall assume that any cost may be classified as either fixed or variable. Fix ed costs are costs, which remain constant in total, within the current period, regardless of changes in the level or volume of activity.Variable costs are those, which are expected to fluctuate, in total, in proportion to sales, production or other measures of activity. The O-BUSH Company operates a sandwich stand at the Osama Memorial Stadium selling hotdog sandwiches during game days. The company is now in the process of negotiating for a lease of a sandwich stand at the Al Qaeda Coliseum during NBA games. The company has determined that the following costs and prices will probably characterize the new stand: Selling price per sandwich $2. 00 100% Variable expenses per sandwich:Hotdog $ 0. 75 Sandwich bread . 30 Mustard/catsup . 05 Commission to the coliseum . 10 1. 20 60% Contribution Margin . 80 40% Fixed Expenses per game day: Rental of stand $500 Wages for 8 employees at $37. 50 300 Other fixed expense 200Total $1,000 Should the company enter into a lease agreement with Al Qae da? O-BUSH will have to answer certain questions before a decision can be made. Break-Even Point Computation Question: What would be the break-even-point of the company in terms of numbers of units (sandwiches) sold and dollar of sales? At break-even point, revenue is precisely equal to costs, no profits are realized, and no losses are incurred. For the purpose of this illustration, the unit contribution approach is used.The approach is based on the fact that every unit sold generates or provides a certain amount of contribution margin that goes toward the covering of the fixed costs. The contribution margin is the excess of sales price over the variable expenses pertaining to the unit in question: Unit sales price $2. 00 Unit variable expenses 1. 20 Unit contribution margin to fixed Expenses and net profit $ . 80 To find the number of units must be sold to break-even, total fixed cost must be divided by unit contribution margin.Thus, $1,000 divided by $0. 80 is 1,250 sandwiches. If only the percentage relationship between variable expenses and sales is known, the formula can still be used to compute the break-even point in dollar sales. Sales price 100% Variable expenses 60% Contribution margin 40% Total Fixed Cost divided by contribution margin ratio equals break-even point in dollar sales. Thus, $1,000 divided by 40% is $2,500. The company must sell more than 1,250 sandwiches in order to have a profit. Reference Peralta, J. (l979). Management Accounting, An Introduction. GIC Enterprises & Co. , Inc. Manila

Ernest Hemingway Fifty Grand Essay Essay

This short story is one of the stories in Men Without Women, written by Ernest Hemingway, an American writer. I started to love every Hemingway’s short story since I reached this semester especially this short story, which is tells about boxing that is one of my favorite sport. I think Hemingway was a man’s man. He wrote everything covered both things that happened in World War I and World War II, he had deep-sea stories, he liked to tell about himself, every journey he had done and using I which is refered to his main character of his stories that could make people who never read his stories would think that I, refered to Hemingway itself. He removes himself from the role of narrator. The stories are almost wholly composed of dialogue. One must engage him or herself in the narratives and ignite his or her imagination to understand the emotional core of each of these stories. Hemingway expects us to. Back to the topic, I am going to give a short review first about this story before I work on my paper. This short story tells us about an aging-boxing champ named Jack Brennan who did his last fight against Jim Walcott, a fresh-young boxer. Jack trained by Jerry Doyle, the narrator itself, and also the only closest friend that Jack had. Jack suffered a great insomnia, how he missed his wife and decided this fight against Jim Walcott will be the last fight for him. Jack knew he can’t stand against Walcott because he is too old to beat a young boxer like Walcott. But the only problem which took my attention starts from here when Jack’s manager, John and a couple of friends with him (we finally knew that both strangers are Morgan and Steinfelt), visited him at Hogan’s health ranch but Jack wasn’t there. He was in his room. Then Jerry, John and his friends went to Jack’s room. They knocked the door but there was not an answer from Jack. So John turned the handle and went in to the room with others. After they met each other and some dialogue between them, John asked Jerry to Jerry to find Hogan because they want to see him but Jack forbade him to go. But Jerry did not listen to Jack. When Jerry left the room, I think there is  important part which is missing. If we go further of this short story we can find a moment when Jack got drunk and told Jerry that he bet $50,000 against himself and tried to lose intentionally against Walcott. Yes, he tried to lose intentionally in his last fight. It was so irrational. I think we, as readers, have missed the important part of this short or probably the narrator deliberately omit that part, the reason why Jack changed his mind. I do not think that he was too old to keep his bet as the only reason why. I am sure there must be something when Jerry left the Jack’s room between Jack, John, Jack’s manager and his friends in there. John and his friends must have said something to Jack and made him change his mind even bet against himself. I try to find out what happened out there on internet. I try to find the missing puzzle in this short story but I get nothing. If we think that Jack was too old to beat Walcott, a fresh-young boxer, why he didn’t decide not to fight from beginning? Why he told Jerry to put a bet on Walcott after he met John and his friends? I used to think that because he never slept at night, how he missed his wife so much and he was getting tired with all of these things then he told his problems to John and his friends that he would make an easy last fight. But no, that is irrational reason if you read the whole story. You will find that Jack stays until final round. That is not make a sense if he would intentionally to lose the game. And why he put so many punches on Walcott and made him bleeding bad and suffered all the time if Jack wanted to lose the game? The fight itself went very tight. Jack controlled the beginning of the game. Then he became slower since the seventh round. Walcott took over the whole game while Jack tried to block every punch from Walcott. Sounds strange enough to me why did he keep the game on? He could say give up, though. I think Jack pride at stake here. He must decide what is more important, lose his bet or his belt. Maybe that is the reason why he survived so far. Altough we know, in the end Jack made a foul to Walcott and is disqualified. From this quote (which was Jack said): â€Å"I think I can last. I don’t want this bohunk to stop me.† He must be thinking about something just to finish this fight before the game ends. No matter how. I think Jack thought so. And take a look at this quote: â€Å"He (means Jack) certainly did used to make the fellows he fought hate boxing. That was why he hated Richie Lewis so. He never got Richie’s goat. Richie Lewis always had about three new dirty things Jack could not do. Jack was as safe as a church all the time he was in there, as long as he was strong.† I will underlined this statement: â€Å"Richie Lewis always had about three new dirty things Jack could not do. That was why he hated him so much.† And if we go back to the game between Jack and Walcott. I think he had prepared well for this â€Å"dirty thing† before the gong of the last round rang. He had prepared to do something bad to finish this fight because he told Jerry and John that he knew he could not stand any longer in this match. And perhaps he had made a decision or had knew the good answer about what he had to choose between his belt or his bet. So that was why he made a foul to Walcott and is disqualified. That is the only thing I though t why Jack keep fighting instead quit before the fight begins. Perhaps he wanted to show a great last fight to the world before he retired. But if he thought so, the foul that he made to Walcott was made people want to slap on his face and turned him as mediocre boxer because of it. So what was he thought? This is so interesting. This thing will be another problem to solve. If the narrator deliberately omit that part or did not want to tell what makes Jack bet against himself, the most understanding thing is because the narrator wants to show us that this short story that he narrate based on what he saw, heard and has happened is the truth. He did not need to tell us the things that he did not know. He would not tell lies. So at that stage when the narrator left the Jack’s room then tried to find where Hogan was, he really did not what happened in there. And we, as readers, did not for sure what happened in there because he did not tell us. And it makes a lot of interpretation. What did they do? Perhaps John, Jack’s manager, or his friends came to Hogan’s ranch to persuade Jack to lose intentionally and offered him some money then Jack accepted because he knew from the first even if he tries his best he still can not beat Walcott, a younger and strong boxer. If yes, that was why he made a foul to Walcott. The only question why did he keep the game on? Why did he stand until final round? Why he did not he do that dirty thing from the start? What if Steinfelt and Morgan conspire with John bribe to Jack to fix the fight? I think that is the characteristic of Ernest Hemingway’s short stories. That is why he likes  to put I as the first person perspective in some of his stories to engage us as readers to feel what the narrator feels, to see what the narrator sees, makes us like we were there. I think Fifty Grand is narrated by what might be called a highly colloquialized narrator. The use of a highly colloquialized narrator in Fifty Grand has several effects on the story. For one thing, as the reader grows accustomed to Jerry Doyle’s manner of speaking, he became more fully involved than he might be otherwise in the world in which Jerry lives. Jerry Doyle seems knowledgeable about prize fighting not only because he works as a trainer, but because his way of speaking causes him to sound the way a man who knows about boxing ought to sound. The choice of Jerry Doyle as the witness narrator for Fifty Grand is useful in ways unrelated to the trainer’s manner of speaking. For one thing, Jerry’s narrating allows the reader to be a man on the inside. Much of the effect of this story results from the fact that the reader receives a ‘behind-the-scenes view of the stinginess, the domestication, and the overall unferociousness of a man the public believes is a brutal and hardened fighter. The importance of the reader’s proximity to the action of Fifty Grand is particularly evident on the night of the big fight. When Jack Brennan climbs up to get in the ring, Jerry describes how Walcott comes over and pushes the rope down for Jack to go through : â€Å"So you’re going to be one of these popular champions,† Jack says to him. â€Å"Take your goddam hand off my shoulder.† â€Å"Be yourself,† Walcott says. This is all great for the crowd. How gentlemanly the boys are before the fight. How they wish each other luck. The reader’s enjoyment of this scene results in large measure from his knowledge that he has information about what is going on which the rest of the spectators at the fight do not have. The moment of Jack Brennan’s realization that he must lose the fight works much the same way. What appears to the audience a vicious low blow that was a foul is understood by Jerry, and thus by the reader, as the desperate action of a threatened bread-winner. Although Jerry Doyle’s manner of speaking and his special  involvement in what is going on cause the reader to be interested in him as a character, Jack Brennan consistently remains the story’s central concern. The way in which Jerry is developed, in fact, helps to maintain the story’s focus on the Irish boxer. For one thing, Jerry Doyle, as the narrator, did not tell the reader much about his own thoughts and emotions. Generally, his reactions to the things that he sees are simple and obvious and in no way attract the reader’s attention. Jerry’s personal comments nearly always support rather than modify the picture of events which his narration sets up. For example, when Jerry says that Jack is sore, he does so just after the reader has seen Jack’s anger for himself. The reader’s primary focus on Jack Brennan is also maintained by the story’s creation of a special kind of presentness, a presentness which results from what can be thought of as a double disappearance of the story’s narrator. In the first place, Jerry Doyle is invisible as a narrator in the act of telling a story. Nothing in the story suggests that Jerry is reminiscing about events from a point in time after Jack’s fight with Walcott. On the contrary, the events of the story seem to be related without the intervention of a narrating present. A second kind of disappearance results from the fact that during the acting present when Jerry is in conversation with other characters, he frequently ceases to be distinguishable even as the overall observer of events. In the following conversation, for example, it is impossible for the reader to tell that one of the speakers is narrating the story: â€Å"You know,† he (refered to Jack) says, â€Å"you ain’t got any idea how I miss the wife.† â€Å"Sure.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"You ain’t got any idea. You can’t have an idea what it’s like† â€Å"It ought to be better out in the country than in the town.† â€Å"With me now,† Jack said, â€Å"it don’t make any difference where I am. You can’t have any idea what it’s like.† â€Å"Have another drink.† â€Å"Am I getting soused? Do I talk funny?† â€Å"You’re coming on all right.† â€Å"You can’t have any idea what it’s like. They ain’t anybody can have an idea what it’s like.† The use of the present tense at the beginning of the exchange does suggest that an involved narrator is telling the story, but the present tense is used so frequently during conversations in Fifty Grand that it ceases to be particularly noticeable. During longer exchanges the narrator identifies his words with â€Å"I said,† but he rarely elaborates on this identification and as a result, the â€Å"I† fails to actract attention any more than â€Å"he† would. When the narrator â€Å"disappears† from large portions of a story or a novel, as is the case in Fifty Grand, the overall result is the creation of a narrative which is both involved and dramatic. In general, those effects which are achieved by means of narrative perspective result from the types of inter-relationships which are created between narrators and the reader and between narrators and the events he narrate. The relationship between the narrator of story a story and the situations he presents to us, the readers, can be of a great many kinds. In Fifty Grand, Hemingway renders the narrator, which is Jerry Doyle, almost invisible, enabling us, the reader, to look through the narrating present and focus our attention directly on the events of the narrator’s story. The position of the narrator itself is primarily important as frame for the presentation of character other than himself.

Ancient Summeria essays

Ancient Summeria essays During the time of ancient Egypt there lived many civilizations similar to the Egyptians. One of them being the Sumerians. This civilization lived in Western Asia in a place called Sumer. The people of Sumer had accomplished many things such as writing, a form of religion, and architecture. The type of writing the Sumerians used was called Cuneiform meaning wedged cuneus. Cuneiform, like hieroglyphics was made up of symbols and markings. Unlike the Egyptians though, the Sumerians didnt use papyrus to record their writing because papyrus did not grow in their environment. Instead they used sharp sticks called stylus to make their markings on soft clay, which would then dry. This method had its advantages because the writing would last longer and permanent. Like the Egyptians the Sumerians believed in polytheism, the belief in many gods. These gods resembled humans and like humans, Sumerians believed that the gods at one point suffered from human emotions: love, lust, hatred, anger and regret. They believed that the gods thought their biggest regret was the creation of human life. As a punishment these gods would send floods, which would destroy the Sumerians crops. Since the gods were unpredictable the Sumerians created astrology, which helped them predict what moves the gods, were going to make next. Sumerians did not believe in punishment or reward after death like the Egyptians did they believed that they Would live in a shadowy under world. The Sumerians had structures of worship called ziggurats. Ziggurats resembled Egyptian pyramids but were not used to burry people. A ziggurat where built in layer and on the tope layer there was a shine in which the people of the civilization went to worship the god that they believed in. On these ziggurats there were paintings of stories about the gods themselves. The Sumerians might have been trying to build a bridge between heaven and earth (Eimen and Rober...

An Analysis of Piggy and Jacks Temperament in Lord of the Flies

Analysis of the temperament of pig and Jack in fly of the Lord In the novel Lies of the Lord, William Golding created an island representing the world's microcosm. The characters in the book have unique and different personality to simulate the real world. All the children of the island are different. Each character belongs to the temperament of a craftsman, rational, idealist or guardian. The personality of the character helps determine their personality. The uninhabited island of the fly became a symbolic image of the Earth, where civilization (Ralph and Pig community) was created and destroyed (Tribe of Jack), forming a new country (2 camps The juveniles of the earth parted, diplomatic relations began (Ralph - Jacques), a war broke out (Jack, Morris, Roger adds Ralph and pigs), and a new religious belief is formed (worship Flying King ) Flying King has three protagonists, Ralph, Piggy and Jack. Jack is a symbol of emotion and barbarism. He earned his living by hunting, dominated d ictators, and led the purpose of evil. Piglets are weak. He is an abandoned person, but he is a very smart, real, intellectual friend. As a former leader of the boys' group, Ralph tried to remain reasonable and just. Ralph is an important part of this story. Examples of leadership, behavior, courage, thinking, external influences, and excerpts to better understand this role In the novel The Lord of the Flies, three boys, Jack, Ralph, Pig are used to explore three kinds of characters. The impulsiveness and sexuality of Jack Merridew proved his identity, Ralph tried to keep peace to show himself, and pig's excessive judgment Self was used to explore the supergo . If they are isolated, the new personality of each child will be the devastating effect of their separation and loneliness. Three children of the same age and sex show how to fix personality to the side of a particular person. People's way of thinking depends on the circumstances and circumstances of the person. Personality ca n not be defined or fixed to a specific category. Personality is influenced by individuals and their own experiences and is not influenced by their specific aspects. I recently read William Golding 's Golding (1954). This book has various psychological aspects; I do not know where to start from! Jack, Ralph, and pig of the hero can be seen as three conflicting aspects of the heart; trying to maintain harmony, Id is Jack, Superego is Piggy, and Ego is Ralf. Ralf played his father's role, which may have happened due to his strong attachment to his father and therefore likely to mimic his adult behavior (Bandura, 1965). Even parachuting is a phobia of Beast, or a bullying act of a pig scorpion, which is a matter of psychology. An Analysis of Piggy and Jacks Temperament in Lord of the Flies Analysis of the temperament of pig and Jack in fly of the Lord In the novel Lies of the Lord, William Golding created an island representing the world's microcosm. The characters in the book have unique and different personality to simulate the real world. All the children of the island are different. Each character belongs to the temperament of a craftsman, rational, idealist or guardian. The personality of the character helps determine their personality. The uninhabited island of the fly became a symbolic image of the Earth, where civilization (Ralph and Pig community) was created and destroyed (Tribe of Jack), forming a new country (2 camps The juveniles of the earth parted, diplomatic relations began (Ralph - Jacques), a war broke out (Jack, Morris, Roger adds Ralph and pigs), and a new religious belief is formed (worship Flying King ) Flying King has three protagonists, Ralph, Piggy and Jack. Jack is a symbol of emotion and barbarism. He earned his living by hunting, dominated d ictators, and led the purpose of evil. Piglets are weak. He is an abandoned person, but he is a very smart, real, intellectual friend. As a former leader of the boys' group, Ralph tried to remain reasonable and just. Ralph is an important part of this story. Examples of leadership, behavior, courage, thinking, external influences, and excerpts to better understand this role In the novel The Lord of the Flies, three boys, Jack, Ralph, Pig are used to explore three kinds of characters. The impulsiveness and sexuality of Jack Merridew proved his identity, Ralph tried to keep peace to show himself, and pig's excessive judgment Self was used to explore the supergo . If they are isolated, the new personality of each child will be the devastating effect of their separation and loneliness. Three children of the same age and sex show how to fix personality to the side of a particular person. People's way of thinking depends on the circumstances and circumstances of the person. Personality ca n not be defined or fixed to a specific category. Personality is influenced by individuals and their own experiences and is not influenced by their specific aspects. I recently read William Golding 's Golding (1954). This book has various psychological aspects; I do not know where to start from! Jack, Ralph, and pig of the hero can be seen as three conflicting aspects of the heart; trying to maintain harmony, Id is Jack, Superego is Piggy, and Ego is Ralf. Ralf played his father's role, which may have happened due to his strong attachment to his father and therefore likely to mimic his adult behavior (Bandura, 1965). Even parachuting is a phobia of Beast, or a bullying act of a pig scorpion, which is a matter of psychology.

The Risks and Prospective of iPad Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Risks and Prospective of iPad - Case Study Example Before developing the product, the firm needs to evaluate customer’s desire and behaviour. Furthermore, they must determine if the consumers would be able to purchase the product as well as the market opportunity. The first month after the release of iPad, one million devices were sold and 15 million in the first nine months, thus making it one of the most successful products. It is essential for the company to determine the reality of the product upon establishing an achievable market. Before development process begins, innovator should define a concept, possibility of developing the proposed product and define market demands. At Apple, the development teams through various sessions meet to discuss technical specifications, social and environmental acceptability of the proposed product. This team is charged with the responsibility of determining the viability of the product and cost of development. Ipad allows numerous update of software and hardware, this aspect makes it suitable and solves unforeseen technical, manufacturing and system problems. In addition, iPad is designed to meet customer expectations and maintain its potential appeal. Upon determining the viability of the market and product, it is important to assess the ability of the company to hold and gain sufficient share of the market. Consumers will choose a product based on value and cost benefits. The development team must evaluate the competitive edge of a product in the market. Ipad offers tangible advantage such as cost and quality. Moreover, the product must be able to sustain the competitive advantage. After the introduction of iPad, other competitors such as Samsung developed a similar product. However, iPad the best selling tablet in the world. To sustain competition the team must determine whether the company’s resource, management and market insight are better than fellow competitors are.