Without Designers, There is no Fashion

Without Designers, There is no Fashion Fashion can be defined in many ways: it is a form of nonverbal communication, a sign system, a barometer of cultural change. It can also be seen as a form of iconography that communicates messages without words, or a mode of self-expression that enables us to make ourselves understood. For centuries, human beings have used clothing and various types of adornment to communicate messages about gender, occupation, class, and wealth. ‘In contemporary culture, the body has become the site of identity. We experience our bodies as separate from others and increasingly we identify with our bodies as containers of our identities and places of personal expression’ (Entwistle 2000:138). The question one may ask here is: who decides what will be fashionable? It is not a democratic process: fashion dictates, and its followers do as bidden. But who dictates what forms fashion will take? This is the domain of the fashion designer. The role of the designer in the shaping of fashionable tastes is crucial. This is especially true of contemporary society. Today designers are frequently accorded celebrity status. Their names are not only status symbolsthey are often household words. The Role of the Fashion Designer: Background Although their names are synonymous with power and wealth, fashion designers did not always enjoy the high status that they do today. It was not always this way fashion designers were not always ‘in fashion’. For example, consider the history of fashion in Italy. Until the eighteenth century, clothes design was not allowed in Italy: ‘Tailors, always men, were regulated by strict laws, and severe punishments were given to those who tried to formulate new fashions’ (Terzian 2003:75). Fashion at that time was considered the sole provenance of the government. Still, despite government restrictions, fashion design thrived as a covert operation. â€Å"Designers† still managed to create new styles, and people managed to get them. In fact, during this period Venice managed to rival Paris in the latest fashions, despite the fact that they had to disobey government regulations to do so (Terzian 2003: 75). In later years, the evolution of technology came into play. New developments in technology had a huge impact on the clothing industry, and on the development of fashion trends as well. For example, in America, the introduction of the steam engine in 1763 facilitated communication between different parts of the country. In 1793, Eli Whitney’s cotton gin expedited the manufacture of materials, so that the process was not only less cumbersome but also much faster. These two advances improved communication, transportation, and manufacturing all of which contributed to the growth of the fashion industry. Another important breakthrough in the history of fashion was the perfection of the sewing machine. In the mid-1800s, I.M. Singer produced an improved and more efficient model of Elias Howe’s original sewing machine, which was severely flawed This more sophisticated model made sewing easier and faster. In addition, it paved the way for further improvements, such as pattern making, buttonhole makers, and pressing machines (Terzian 2003:78). Queen Victoria’s death in 1901 made the Victorian style of dress obsolete. The uncomfortable bodice she was known for was soon replaced by an oddly shaped garment that was called the â€Å"health corset.† The health corset was the invention of a Frenchwoman named Madame Gaches-Sarraute. It was designed by Gaches-Sarraute to be a less restrictive and therefore more healthful garment. She believed that freeing the waist and diaphragm from the uncomfortable pressure of the corseted Victorian style would promote freedom of movement, improve comfort, and be good for a woman’s overall health. However, whether the â€Å"health corset† was more comfortable, or more healthful, is debatable. It did not last long, perhaps because of the odd â€Å"S† shape that made the sight of it uncomfortable to look at (Terzian 2003:80). It is apparent that even at back then, the fashion had taken on a particular significance: it was not enough to be clothed, one had to be clothed in a pleasing manner. The â€Å"S† shape that Gaches-Sarraute introduced was made obsolete when Paul Poiret joined the fashion world. Terzian describes Poiret as ‘the leading fashion designer of the first decade of the century’ (2003:81). Born in Paris, Poiret grew up in a world of fabric. His father owned a fabric store, and as a boy, Poiret came to know the importance of dress. This led him to open his own shop as an adult Here he experimented with fabrics and styles, often using his wife as a model. According to Terzian, Poiret was one of the first designers to experiment with colours, particularly those used by the Impressionists. In fact, it does seem that Poiret brought fashion to life with his flair for design and love of colour. He was responsible for introducing fashions that were not only pleasing to the eye, but also comfortable. In addition, he created outfits that included the â€Å"walking skirt.† This gave women increased mobility since it did away with constricte d hemlines that inhibited movement (Terzian 81). It was not long before fashion and fashion design became flourishing industries. Fashion, by this time, had become a government-sanctioned enterprise, as well as a highly competitive enterprise. However, the true stars of the fashion world were not the wealthy women who could afford the latest fashions, but rather the designers who created and introduced them. The Fashion Designer of Today Today, the importance of the fashion designer in the shaping of fashionable tastes is undisputed. In addition, the relationship between fashion and social life has become increasingly complex. According to Entwistle, ‘dress is tied up to social life in more than one way: it is produced out of economic, political, technological conditions as well as shaped by social., cultural, aesthetic ideas’ (2000:111). To be fashionably dressed, then, is to make a statement to the world about one’s social and economic background. However, that is only one message that dress conveys. When considering the huge impact fashion has on everyday life, it is impossible to dismiss the role of the people who create and re-create it with each new season. Fashion designers not only design articles of clothing they create and sell coveted images. As one scholar has noted, ‘the right clothing can grant us access to the right places and the right people’ (Jones 2002:21). The primary role of the fashion designers to experiment with the concept of identity through dress. The clothing they design must appeal to the people who buy it; therefore, designers must not just ‘clothe’ the body, they must create items that allow the people who buy them to feel they are buying a particular image or way of life. This has become more and more challenging in recent years, making the task of the designer more and more complex. Ethnic and subcultural styles have become increasingly diverse, and traditional codes are not the same. As Jones has asserted, ‘fashion designers have borrowed from the semiotics of clothes and pushed the boundaries by intentionally destroying principles and harmonies of clothing’ (2002:22). Designers have risen to the occasion, responding to the more sophisticated tastes of contemporary society in bold and innovative ways. The use of clashing colours is one way they do this. Another is the juxtaposition of unusual fabrics. They also experiment with size and shape, as evidenced by the creation of shapeless clothes, such as oversized shirts. And to respond to the sexual androgyny of the day, they have begun to create clothing that is often sexually ambiguous. Entwistle asserts that ‘fashion, dress and consumption provide ways of dealing with the problems of the modern world, characterized by increasing fragmentation and a sense of chaos. Fashion opens up possibilities for framing the self, however temporarily (2000:139). Other scholars have gone further with the concept of fashion as a response to the chaos of the world. Jamie Brasset has even suggested that ‘fashion is at the very least complicit if not thoroughly responsible for the promotion of identitiesâ €™ (2005:202). In this light, the role of the fashion designer is one of power. However, that power also has a negative aspect. As Jones points out, ‘for the designer of fashion, the key difference between his or her product and that of the designer of almost any other product is shelf life. Fashion has built-in obsolescence’ (2002:28). Different seasons require different types of clothing. In addition, clothing itself has a limited life span. As a result of daily wear and tear, as well as repeated launderings, clothing must be continually replaced. The world of commerce has cashed in on clothing’s obsolescence, as well. Given the whirlwind pace of change in the fashion industry, as well as the vagaries of style, the ability to design clothing that meets the demands of an increasingly diverse customer base is quite a challenge. Designers must keep up with cultural and social developments. In addition, they must stay informed about developments in the scientific world. This is in addition to the creative ability they must constantly mine for new and innovative ideas. Today designers often employ a number of assistants to see to the many facets of the industry, because the design itself requires a tremendous amount of creative energy. Natural talent may have set them on the trajectory of success, but well-engineered teamwork is what keeps them on it. The act of design itself takes place in a series of stages. The preliminary step may vary from one designer to another. However, the most common starting point is usually the sketch. As a two-dimensional medium, sketching has its limitations. However, it gives free reign to the artistic impulse. Often a designer’s initial concept may turn out to be something very different at the end. Some designers prefer to use the draping method, which in many ways is more realistic when envisioning the final product. The way in which material is arranged allows the designer to have a clearer plan of execution. Christian Dior has written that ‘fabrics themselves often inspire garment design. For example, the softness and drapability of a jersey might inspire gathers in a dress. Many a dress of mine is born of the fabric alone’ (Terzian 13). As for computer design, it will doubtless become more and more prevalent as newer programs are developed. Conclusion Fashion is both an industry and art. It can be defined in a number of ways, but most would agree that it is more than just ‘clothing’fashion is a concept in itself. As a barometer of cultural change, it is a key to society. For centuries, human beings have used clothing and various types of adornment to communicate messages about gender, occupation, class, and wealth. In addition, the body today has become a site of self-expression, and dress is one way in which that is accomplished. The role of the designer in the shaping of fashionable tastes is crucial. This is especially true of contemporary society. Today designers are frequently accorded celebrity status. Their names are not only status symbols they are often household words. As Gilman has noted, ‘to become someone else or to become a better version of ourselves in the eyes of the world is something we all want . . we respond to the demand of seeing and being seen (1999:3). The role played by fashion designer s, then, is crucial; their creations help us to be seen in the best light. ReferencesAddressing the Century: 100 Years of Art and Fashion. 1998. London: Hayward Gallery Publishing.Brassett, J. 2005. ‘entropy (fashion) and emergence (fashioning)’. Pp. 197209 in Fashion and Modernity, eds. Breward, C. and Evans, C. New York: Berg.Breward, C., and Evans, C., eds. 2005. Fashion and Modernity. New York: Berg.Entwistle, J. 2000. The Fashioned Body: Fashion, Dress, and Modern SocialTheory. Cambridge: Polity Press.Gilman, Sander. 1999. Making the Body Beautiful: A Cultural History of AestheticSurgery Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Jones, S. 2002. Fashion Design. London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd.Langer, S. 1953. Feeling and Form. New York: Charles Scribner.Taylor, L Wilson, E, Through the Looking Glass: A History of Dress From 1860 to the Present Day BBC, London, 1989Terzian, Makrouhi. 2003. Understanding Fashion Design. Lexington, MA: The Lexington Press, Inc.

Ib Math Sl Type 1

Purpose of Investigation The purpose of this investigation is to find out the general trends of the Olympic gold medal height each time the event is held. It also could be used to predict the next gold medal height in the upcoming Olympic events. We could know as well what functions can be used to plot the graphs. People could also analyze the pattern of rise or decrease in height of the winning height in the Olympic game. This investigation also allows future participants to find out information about previous gold medal heights and can make them easier to set targets for their performance in the Olympic Games. a. b.The function I used for constructing this graph is Gaussian. Because from the list of functions in the graph-constructing program, the Gaussian function is the most accurate shape when plotted according to the data given which is the statistics of height of gold medalist for men’s high jump in the Olympic. The technology I used to plot all the graphs is Logger Pro 3. 50. c. The difference is not significant after I adjust it. It can be seen from the graph itself that the shape of it is also similar. The limitation is that it is plotted on a lower values compared to the original and so it couldn’t reach the 1980 mark like the original graph. . With the technology I used, the function I find to have a similar shape is the cubic function which is the red line. There are some period that the cubic function has a higher value. Also there are some points where the two graphs meet. But in the end the cubic is lower than the original and couldn’t reach the 1980 mark. e. According to the original graph, if in the year 1940 and 1944, the estimated height will be 198. 2 and 199. 6 respectively. f. Estimated winning heights in 2984 and 2016 are 235 and 241 respectively. From the data, the winning height generally tends to rise from year to year the Olympic is held.The estimated winning heights are obtained from the graph until the year of 2016. g. My model fits well with the additional data. However, there are some points that the graph doesn’t reach according to the additional data given. h. The overall trend from 1896 up to 2008 is that the gold medal height rises from year to year, although there are some years that the gold medal height fall compared to the previous Olympic event which are in the years 1896 to 1904, 1936 to 1948, 1968 to 1972, 1988 to 1992, and 1996 to 2000. i. No modifications are required are needed to fit my model into the new data.

Quotes to Help You Learn More About Yourself

Every person embarks on a journey of self-discovery at some point of time in his or her life. Some people attain spiritual enlightenment during this journey of introspection. Knowing oneself fully is the highest point of self-actualization. To achieve this goal, you have to accept your flaws and special qualities with humility and honesty. If you have a spiritual friend or a guru, you can gain much more from the perspective of an outsider. Ask your companion to help you introspect on your deeper attributes, without being judgmental or defensive. Life is an eternal quest about knowing oneself. Its time to challenge yourself, to rediscover your hidden traits, talents, and tendencies. Several inconvenient questions, which you have swept under the carpet, might resurface. Here is a collection of about me quotes. Each noted author has revealed her or his unique qualities. When you read these about me quotes, you will find the inspiration to ask yourself Is that true about me? Frederick Perls I do my thing and you do yours. I am not in this world to live up to your expectations, and you are not in this world to live up to mine. You are you and I am I, and if by chance we find each other, then it is beautiful. If not, it cant be helped. Marie Bashkirtseff I am my own heroine. Louis LAmour I am somebody. I am me. I like being me. And I need nobody to make me somebody. Josh Groban Dont try to be like me. Try to be like yourself. Try to be very good at being yourself. Irene C. Kassorla You must have control of the authorship of your own destiny. The pen that writes your life story must be held in your own hand. John Mason You were born an original. Dont die a copy. Robert Brault Why try to be someone youre not? Life is hard enough without adding impersonation to the skills required. Albert Einstein I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. I am not only a pacifist but a militant pacifist. I am willing to fight for peace. Nothing will end war unless the people themselves refuse to go to war. I am neither especially clever nor especially gifted. I am only very, very curious. Catherine the Great I am one of the people who love the why of things. Princess Diana I like to be a free spirit. Some dont like that, but thats the way I am. Pablo Picasso I am only a public entertainer who understands his time. Sri Sathya Sai Baba I am you; you are me. You are the waves; I am the ocean. Know this and be free, be divine. Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama The deep root of failure in our lives is to think, Oh how useless and powerless I am. It is essential to think strongly and forcefully, I can do it, without boasting or fretting. Bertrand Russell I am not myself in any degree ashamed of having changed my opinions. Oscar Wilde I am the only person in the world I should like to know thoroughly. I am so clever that sometimes I dont understand a single word of what I am saying. Winnie The Pooh People say nothing is impossible, but I do nothing every day. Gianni Versace That is the key of this collection, being yourself. Dont be into trends. Dont make fashion own you, but you decide what you are, what you want to express by the way you dress and the way to live. David Carradine If you cannot be a poet, be the poem. Harvey Fierstein Never be bullied into silence. Never allow yourself to be made a victim. Accept no ones definition of your life; define yourself. Kongzi Wheresoever you go, go with all your heart. Desiderius Erasmus It is the chiefest point of happiness that a man is willing to be what he is. Andre Berthiaume We all wear masks, and the time comes when we cannot remove them without removing some of our own skin. William Shakespeare God has given you one face, and you make yourself another. Lao Tzu When I let go of what I am, I become what I might be. Winston Churchill I am certainly not one of those who need to be prodded. In fact, if anything, I am the prod. Margaret Thatcher I am extraordinarily patient, provided I get my own way in the end. Henry David Thoreau A friend is one who takes me for what I am. Ayn Rand To say I love you  one must first be able to say the I. Louis XIV I am the state. Muhammad Ali I am the greatest, I said that even before I knew I was. Leo Tolstoy Without knowing what I am and why I am here, life is impossible. Buddha ï » ¿I am the miracle.

Characteristics Of Medieval Romances - 2016 Words

When someone thinks of a medieval romance, that person will more than likely think of these common characteristics: knights, quests, a lady, magic, romance, Christianity, and of course King Arthur. There is actually much more to these stories than just â€Å"A knight goes on a quest. He meets a lady. And they all live happily ever after.† A reader needs to know what features to look out for in order to know for sure what kind of story he is reading. A Handbook to Literature by William Harmon and C. Hugh Holman says that a medieval romance is a tale of adventure that contains knights, kings, or distraught women. That person is usually motivated by either love, religion, or s/he is just wanting an adventure. Medieval romance was first seen in†¦show more content†¦Medieval romances succeeded the epic of the 12th century, which was the main kind of story anyone ever wrote or read. There are many differences between an epic and medieval romance story. Epics tend to tell a story about a hero and how he must fight evil monsters, while romances tell how a knight expresses his chivalry through one or more quests. While an epic is more serious and usually consists of â€Å"everyday† life, a romance is more mysterious and usually about fantasies. Romances will more than likely be comical and end happy, while epics are very solemn and have a sad ending. Epics follow a straight path to the ending. The reader knows that the he ro will fight some evil villain and win. Medieval romances are not like that. While the story does follow a slightly straight path to the end, the reader never knows what the protagonist will face on the way. The structure is very relaxed in a romance, while in an epic it is strict. The reader will know whether he is reading an epic or not by the amount of romance or love that is displayed. Epics do not contain love, and if they do, it is not much. There may be women in the story, but they are not usually part of the actual story. That is not true of medieval romances. It would no longer be a medieval romance if it did not contain romance throughout the story. In epics, the charactersShow MoreRelatedAspects Of The Arthurian Romance In Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1335 Words   |  6 Pagesover a number of eons tracing back to quite a number of languages native to the writers that immortalized the tales, this including Welsh, English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Dutch and Sc andinavian. Medieval romance is defined by the ideals that stood out from the tales including the romance, honor, loyalty and the moral authority as well as it explicated the social order which left a lot to be desired of the position of feminism in the society. Marie de France perhaps the only female write ofRead MoreFirst Knight Character Analysis762 Words   |  4 PagesMedieval romances are narrative fictions representing the adventures and values of the highest class. Medieval romances were around the 15th century, which is around the late 1300s. One of the many movies made about this time period was the movie the First Knight, it was produced by Jerry Zucker in 1995. In the movie, First Knight, the characters act like they are the best of the best and that they have nothing to hide when it comes to their romantic relationships. The movie shows the knight in shiningRead MoreEssay about Chaucers Use of Courtly Love856 Words   |  4 PagesChaucers Use of Courtly Love Chaucers Use of Courtly Love Chaucer admired and made use of the medieval courtly love romance tradition, although he did not fully buy into it. The courtly love code is based on the woman as the center of attention. The medieval knight suffers greatly for his love, who is often someone elses wife. He will do anything to protect and honor her, remaining faithful at all costs. Adultery and secrecy characterize these relationships. The knight views a womanRead MoreSir Gawain and The Green Knight1018 Words   |  5 Pages Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Prompt #1 â€Å"Sir Gawain, think on this when you go forth among great princes (Gawain poet.373-374.243).† The Medieval Age had a general literary focus about Romance; the stories in that era consisted of imaginative adventures containing faraway places following the chivalric code, similar to fairytales. Writers often use symbolism to give significance to the plot and reference a deeper meaning. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the poet uses symbolism to representRead MoreTheseus Character Analysis1459 Words   |  6 Pagesany two characteristics of a romance evident so far. Refer to the prezi. A romance requires the telling of a true story in remote places and times. The Knight’s Tale begins with the lines â€Å"Once upon a time,† to retell the old events of Theseus in the ancient city of Athens (24). The Knight’s tale meets the requirement of a medieval romance in the first sentence, as it opens with a tale of a far off land in ancient times. Idealized aristocratic conduct, another requirement a medieval romance mustRead MoreEssay on Unraveling the Mystery of William Shakespeare582 Words   |  3 Pagesnew and awakened perspectives of man. However before the Renaissance, known as the medieval times, people were considered subject to God. For this reason, medieval literature placed a great emphasis on the blend of fantasy and reality. Though literary characters displayed human characteristics, their personalities transcended those of fictitious figures such as leaders, Saints, and even God. Even works of romance and honor had a religious overtone hidden within them. Unfortunately this limitedRead MoreMedieval Poetry3509 Words   |  15 PagesMedieval literature is a very diverse subject. The term covers the literature of Europe during the period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginnings of the Renaissance in the 15th century, spanning a period of roughly 1,000 years. As a result, it is difficult to make generalizations about medieval literature. It is, nonetheless, possible to identify a few general trends. Allegory and symbolism are common in medieval literature, perhaps more so than in modern writing. Religious and philosophicalRead MorePortrayal of Women in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Lanval1382 Words   |  6 PagesIn medieval literature, the role of women often represents many familiar traits and characteristics which present societies still preserve. Beauty, attractiveness, and grace almost completely exemplify the attributes of powerful women in both present and past narratives. European medieval prose often separates the characteristics of women into two distinct roles in society. Women can be portrayed as the greatest gift to mankind, revealing everything that is good, pure, and beautiful in a womansRead MoreEssay on John Keats La Belle Damn Sans Merci Analysis1365 Words   |  6 Pagesthis point, it’s only natural for the knight to believe that the love his felt for the maiden was exactly proportional to what she was feeling, and their ‘wild’ r omance would continue when he awakes. However, as he awakes from his slumber, he found that the maiden was nowhere to be found. He was all alone and the his expectations of the romance was shattered. It then dawned that his suffering disappointment stemmed from the realization that she never really loved him the way he thought she did. At thisRead MoreThe Heroes Of The American West1449 Words   |  6 PagesKnights. There are many parallels between the modern Cowboy and the medieval Knight, and I agree with Felicity Riddy who observed that â€Å"[t]he medieval knight is like the cowboy of our own day.† Those parallels include such outward characteristics as their dress and countenance, and such inward characteristics as the code of conduct under which they operated and the courage they displayed when confronted with danger. Those characteristics have become symbols and images of something almost larger than

Physical Activities And Physical Education - 826 Words

Across the nation, fundamental subjects such as mathematics, science, and history are mandatory in the education system starting from the elementary level. These subjects are taught in aiding students understanding about the world they live in. However, subjects instructed in schools, particularly physical education is viewed as unnecessary. Physical education is unquestionably required in order to create well prepared students ready to face the working field in the future. In order to achieve this, administrators must stress the importance of physical activity within the goals of physical education core programs. By doing this, physical activity can show improvement in the students’ health, academic performance, self-esteem and mental health. Physical activity is beneficial for a variety of problems. Importantly, an increase of physical activity can promote good health. Although it may seem trivial to not worry about health during childhood, doing so can lead to a healthier future. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, physical activity can lower the chance of having diseases found in adults such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. Particularly in young individuals, physical activity aids in healthy bone, muscle and psychological development. In order to reap these benefits, school should provide a minimum of 30 minutes of physical activity ranging from moderate to vigorous during each school day (Koplan, Liverman, Kraak).Show MoreRelatedPhysical Activity And Physical Education1983 Words   |  8 PagesShould physical activity be required in secondary schools regularly? I would say so, physical activity helps with almost everything someone can imagine from health, sports and even lea rning. Physical activity may be tough for some people but it will always help out in the long run. Physical activity and physical education not only about playing sports as you will see in this essay. Heath control’s one of the main reasons for physical activity. A example exercising, exercising on daily can helpRead MoreThe Range of Physical Activities and Theories in Physical Education971 Words   |  4 PagesPhysical education: an instruction in physical exercise and games, especially in schools† (oxford dictionary) is a range of various physical activities and theory content combined to form a core subject. Physical education is a developing course with different levels of complexity, competitiveness and skill; with areas based on skill and knowledge, health, psychology, biology and also social and personal. Most people believe physical education to be physical activity but in fact the activity formsRead MoreThe Impact that Physical Education Can Have on Encouraging Young People to Engage in Physical Activity2332 Words   |  10 PagesOne of the definitions of Physical Education is; ‘regular instruction in physical exercise and games in schools and other institutions’ (Oxford English Dictionary). It is compulsory in the UK for every child up to the age of 16. Physical Education has been adapted immensely to fit the needs of young people and is still continuing to change. 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This evaluation will be the first of two reports from the evaluation of the Let’s Move National Program implemented in com munity-basedRead MoreIncreased Physical Activity and Nutrition Education Will Reduce Childhood Obesity1136 Words   |  5 Pagesand Human Services (USDHHS) recommends that children and adolescents spend 60 minutes per day engaging in physical activity that are muscle and bone strengthening (The American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD), 2013). From the 1,260 hours that a child spends in their school setting, 180 of these hours are recommended for engagement in physical activity that strengthens the muscle and bone. Because a child spends most of their time in a school setting, teachersRead MorePhysical Education- Applying Risk Management Strategies to an Outdoor Activity (Snorkeling) Exemplar1427 Words   |  6 PagesL2 Physical Education- Achievement standard 91333 In this PE assessment, we learned to apply risk management strategies to outdoor activities associated with the water/beach such as snorkelling and swimming. Our class practiced snorkelling skills (ie. Clearing snorkels, equalising, dolphin kicking) in the school pool and at Picnic Bay/Mangawhai which was preparation for snorkelling at Goat Island marine reserve. We analysed the possible risks and hazards that could occur during these activitiesRead MoreAttitude and Teacher Qualification as Factors Affecting Students’ Participation in Physical Education Activities8156 Words   |  33 Pagesstage a normal human beings and as such they engage in various activities. In the subject of Physical Education (P.E.) these students manifest their individual attitude towards participation in Physical Education activities. This study is interested looking closely into this situation and would like to determine the effect of the factors of attitude and teachers’ qualification towar ds students’ participation in Physical Education activities at Basilan National High School. Recent research has shownRead MorePerception on activity format in each sport Over two thirds of secondary school physical education900 Words   |  4 PagesPerception on activity format in each sport Over two thirds of secondary school physical education teachers indicated all activities, with the exceptions of football, basketball, handball, gymnastics and swimming, should be offered in a coeducational format. The major reason for coeducational grouping in some activities in physical education lesson was those activities were not require direct body contact to compete against one another when compared with football, basketball and handball. ActuallyRead MoreWhat Impact Has the 2008 National Curriculum for Physical Education, Had in Schools? How Well Does It Equip Children to Want to Take Part in Physical Activity Outside of School Hours?1847 Words   |  8 PagesPhysical Education foundation What impact has the 2008 National Curriculum for Physical Education, had in schools? How well does it equip children to want to take part in physical activity outside of school hours? What impact has the 2008 National Curriculum for Physical Education, had in schools? How well does it equip children to want to take part in physical activity outside of school hours? Physical education is a vital part of education in schools and has changed significantly overRead MoreStudents With Disabilities Of Physical Education1705 Words   |  7 PagesDisabilities in Physical Education Megan R. Johnson Lincoln Memorial University â€Æ' Students with Disabilities in Physical Education More and more students with disabilities are being taught in the public school system today than in the past ten or so years. This gives the students the opportunity to learn and prosper in their least restrictive environment along with their peers. Many educators, as well as those in physical education, are learning how to implement and incorporate activities that will

An Argumentative Essay Regarding the building of the Keystone pipeline Free Essays

With an increasing global population and ever industrializing society’s, environmental concern is rarely given priority over economic incentive. But what people fail to realize is that our environmental failures, and relative apathy about it set up a plethora of problems for future generations to deal with. One of the most important decisions president Obama will face in the next year will be whether or not to approve the building of the Keystone XL pipeline, a massively sized, and massively controversial oil pipeline that would stretch all the way from Alberta Canada, to American oil refineries along the Gulf Of Mexico. We will write a custom essay sample on An Argumentative Essay Regarding the building of the Keystone pipeline or any similar topic only for you Order Now Despite the economic incentive present, the building of the Keystone XL pipeline should not happen because of the environmental risks posed, and the fact that it bolsters our dependence on fossil fuels. Oil pipelines are prone to environmentally devastating spills, and have never proved to be an effective long term solution for the transport of crude oil. A pipeline the size of the Keystone XL would simply be a disaster waiting to happen. The proposed pipeline would stretch over 2,000 miles, and go directly above the Ogalalla Aquifer in the central United States. The Ogalalla aquifer is one of the largest, and most important in the entire United States, â€Å"About 27 percent of the irrigated land in the United States overlies this aquifer system, which yields about 30 percent of all ground water used for irrigation in the United States. The aquifer system supplies drinking water to 82 percent of the 2. 3 million people (1990 census) who live within the boundaries of the High Plains study area.† (Dennehy) The sheer size of the aquifer makes it so that the Keystone XL would have to go over it in order to reach it’s destination, so what damage a spill would have is only magnified by the agricultural importance of the aquifer. There have been 24 oil pipeline spills in the US alone over the last decade, spilling over 680 thousand tonnes of oil. (List of Oil Spills). And even despite a recent spill in Arkansas, proponents of the pipeline still have failed to properly look into it’s potential impact. â€Å"†¦the study is missing some critical elements, including an in-depth review of pipeline safety issues, added pollution in refinery communities and a special assessment of the impact on wildlife†¦. Keystone XL is rife with issues that exacerbate climate change and environmental injustices. † (Mogerman). Rather than be concerned with the issues presented by the pipeline, or the past precedent of failure many pipelines have had in the US, Keystone supporters seem to only be focused on the profit it’s building would turn. And many wealthy supporters have turned to lobbying News programs into downplaying it’s risks. â€Å"TV Outlets Mentioned Jobs Benefits Twice As Often As Spill Risks. Television outlets overlooked the threat of Keystone XL to the sensitive ecosystems along the pipeline route, mentioning the risk of a spill in just 20 percent of coverage since Election Day, November 6, 2012. Meanwhile, 43 percent of television coverage promoted the jobs benefits of the pipeline.† (Fitsimmons) The media is the most effective way to get a message to the public, and wealthy oil corporations have proved they’re willing to spend money to get a persuasive message across to the public, â€Å"Keystone pipeline supporters outspend it’s opponents 35 to 1†¦ Some of this money going to news stations to encourage a positive view be portrayed. † (Israel) If the Keystone pipeline is built, a potential spill poses immense environmental risk to humans and wildlife alike, but supporters fail to acknowledge these risks and continue to push for it’s production. America should be moving toward widespread usage of renewable energy, for the sake of its economy and environment; the building of the Keystone XL pipeline would only further our national dependence on non-sustainable sources of energy. America, like many countries worldwide has been making a push toward sustainable energy on all fronts, and as public support of the shift becomes more and more apparent, â€Å"85% of Iowan’s support wind farms, and this number is an accurate gauge of the approximate public attitude nationwide.† (Haugen) large energy companies, and other companies like car manufacturers become more and more likely to jump on the bandwagon and help the progress, â€Å"Green car madness has taken over. This year we have seen more electric and hybrid vehicle startups than ever before. † (Morrison) Nearly everyone recognizes the benefits of the shift, both in terms of how it would help our environment in the long term, but also the economic impact it would have, (reduced gas costs, lower electric and other utilities bills†¦ etc. ) But still, many large companies work to impede the progress in favor of  maintaining our dependence on fossil fuels. The American Petroleum institute has worked with many oil industry protection companies to stymie the renewable energy movement, even in some cases, â€Å"posing as environmentalist groups in order to attract the support of environmentalists while simultaneously pushing their anti-renewable agenda. † (Blankenhorn) Many of these companies striving against renewable energy also support the building of the Keystone pipeline, using the justification that the building of the pipeline would lower gas prices. But what they fail to acknowledge is the basic economic fallacy of this, â€Å"Fossil energy prices are not going to fall. The more you remove carbon-based resources from the ground, the more it costs to get more. † (Blankenhorn) The law of supply and demand dictates that as supply lessens, demand goes up, and as does price. So even if prices are lowered in the short term, the fact that crude oil is a non-renewable resource assures that the pipeline is in no way a permanent solution to gas prices so many people worry about. Perhaps a more permanent solution to gas prices would to eliminate gas altogether. Rather than pumping money into a project like the pipeline that would simply increase our dependence on fossil fuels, more money should be put into the research and development of sustainable energy. With the US dollar that will go into building the Keystone pipeline, â€Å"Approximately 12. 2$ billion† (TransCanada), with that money alone, we could afford to put a whole home solar panel system on over 1. 8 million homes across the country (Wholesale Solar), or purchase a Nissan Leaf electric car (no gas emissions, 108 mpg) for over four hundred thousand people.(Gunther) Supporters of the Keystone Pipeline argue that the jobs created by the pipeline, and the money that would in turn be pumped into the economy validates its building. Approval of the pipeline would immediately add many job opportunities to the American workforce, â€Å"It’s estimated that the Keystone XL project would help create at least 20,000 new American jobs in manufacturing and construction, said House Speaker John Boehner. † (Shierter) This immediate influx of jobs would benefit the national economy and reduce unemployment. Supporters also say that it’s building would help reduce gas prices throughout the country, a pressing issue that effects a large number of people. â€Å".. they say the few pipelines that do connect Canada’s oil production region to the US currently flow where refining capacity is limited. This means less gasoline for your tank. The result would mean more supply for US consumers, and therefore, lower gasoline prices. † (Sanati) With the pipeline carrying nearly 800,000 barrels of oil a day directly into U. S. Refineries, our foreign dependence would be significantly reduced, and the ‘everyday person’ would see a drop in their gas prices. Supporters say that these economic incentives are enough enough to outweigh the environmental risks of building the pipeline. While the fact that the pipeline being built would immediately create 20,000+ jobs for American people is a fact, and can’t be refuted, what supporters like John Boehner fail to acknowledge is the permanence of these jobs. The national energy panel came out with a report regarding the economic impact of building the pipeline, saying â€Å"†¦ once up and running, the operation of the pipeline would only support 35 permanent and 15 temporary jobs, mostly for inspections, maintenance and repairs. Based on this estimate, routine operation of the proposed pipeline would have negligible socioeconomic impacts. † (Buford) What good in an influx of 20,000+ jobs if, once done with their initial job are no longer needed? The idea that the jobs created by the pipeline should be enough to make us want to build it is a short-sighted evasion of facts. Rather than thrust people into impermanent jobs related to the pipeline employers nationwide should be pushing people toward working in the field of renewable energy, â€Å"The field of renewable energy has expanded vastly over the last 10 years, creating over 2.3 permanent jobs worldwide. A number expected to continue increasing. † But America has yet to embrace this shift as other countries have â€Å"In the United States, federal policies have been weak and inconsistent over the years. Still, a study for the American Solar Energy Society found that the U. S. renewables sector employed close to 200,000 people directly in 2006 and another 246,000 indirectly. † (Bezdek) The potential is there for renewable energy to emerge as a power player in terms of national employment in the U.S, other countries show it’s massive potential, â€Å"In 2006 Germany had some 259,000 direct and indirect jobs in the renewables sector. The number is expected to reach 400,000-500,000 by 2020 and then 710,000 by 2030. † (Buhler) Yet the U. S still seems wary to make a commitment to renewable energy, in many ways do to powerful oil companies and other people with economic interests in oil working to impede a national shift. Rather than focus on the short term employment that would come from the Keystone Pipeline, the American government and energy companies should work on shifting from fossils fuels, to renewable energy. It would not only benefit the environment, but expand an already existing field of permanent jobs. The risks posed by building the Keystone XL pipeline outweigh it’s economic potential by a large margin. It’s building would only further delay us as a country from moving toward widespread renewable energy. As inhabitants of this Earth it is our responsibility to preserve and protect the Earth and it’s natural resources for future generations, to build the Keystone pipeline would contradict that philosophy. Many people have stepped up for the cause and publicly opposed the pipeline, whether through petitions, letters to political figures, or actual demonstrations, this public pressure is what convinces politicians to support a stance, and this will to protect is exactly what will end up preserving our Earth. â€Å"We abuse land because we regard it as a commodity, belonging to us. When we see land as a community to which we belong, then we may begin to use it with love and respect. † How to cite An Argumentative Essay Regarding the building of the Keystone pipeline, Essays

Financial Report Audit Reliable Printing †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Financial Report Audit Reliable Printing? Answer: Introduction Through this assignment we would be doing a in depth analysis of the case study of a printing company named Reliable Printing Ltd. Basically we would be dealing with the financial reports for the period that is ending on 30th June 2015. I would be dealing this assignment as a senior auditor with the Rogers Brown who have recently taken up the auditing from Jones Associates. Reliable Printing Limited or RPL deals in variety of products and they print magazines, books etc on print on demand basis. They also have extended their business to maximize their earnings by having publishers titles available as searchable e-books that could be downloaded directly by readers from RPLs web site. Now being the auditor there are few questions that needs to be answered which are related to financial reports auditing. This will provide us with a real life insight into auditing and financial reporting. As part of your planning process, you are considering whether you will need to use the services of an expert in the audit of RPL. After reading and doing an in depth analysis of the case study given, I find it very important or necessary to use the services of an expert in the audit of RPL as part of the planning process. The services of an expert in the audit will provide stability to the auditing and financial reporting of the organization with strict adherence and compliance to the standards set by their respective bodies (Ashton). Thus more transparency and specialization will be available which would help in managing things in a much better management. This would thus be very beneficial for the working as well as reputation, earnings etc of the organization. An expert in the audit committee of the organization would ensure that all the accounting, auditing, law, taxation rules and regulations are strictly abided by and thus a proper reporting would be done. It would also be beneficial for bringing about changes very effectively and with ease. Timely inspections and check are done by the experts and accordi ngly changes and reports are developed (Graham). An expert can be well aware of the changes happening even in the external environment and weigh the pros and cons of it and accordingly can plan regarding the future actions and courses. William Jackson, the CEO of RPL, has requested that the tests of controls only be performed once (due to the disruption caused by audit staff to the work of the staff in the printing and shipping department). In financial, he has requested that the tests of controls occur only during July 2015, as this is traditionally the quietest time of the year for RPL. You expect the audit report to be signed on 15 August 2015. This is a really good move by the CEO as it would ensure a onetime check in the end. This would not disrupt or disturb the working on a regular basis and would enhance the productivity and performance of the organization. The test of controls should be done at the year end to get an overview of the entire year all at once and it has also been observed over the time that it would be the quietist time of the entire financial year (Georgiades). It would thus also not hamper the working much. This should be followed by the other auditing procedures as well all at once in a stretch so that the auditing reports and ready and signed by 15 August 2015. For each of the manual and IT application control activities identified in question 7.28 inChapter 7, design an appropriate audit procedure to test that control. For the manual and IT application activities the best audit procedure to test their control would be sampling and random checking (Apostolou and Alleman). This is due to implementation of the annual policy of tests of controls. There will not be much time to check each and every transaction and activity in details. Thus it would be a nice solution to introduce sampling and random checking. Few transactions from each group must be chosen and evaluated to ensure their accuracy and efficiency. This is also very efficient as there specialization in every field and with an expert who looks into the day to day transactions. Thus it also reduces the chances of errors and mistakes and increases the efficiency and effectiveness of the auditing procedure selected or designed. For each of the audit procedures you described in (a), outline the result you would expect if you determined that the control activity was not reliable. In the above paragraph I stated random checking and sampling as the two auditing procedures to be viable for the organization. If the control activity was determined to be non reliable the results that would be expected to be that major mistakes that do not occur frequently would be missed and not taken into account (Hatherly) . The smaller the sample size would be the more is the chance of mistake. Random checking would also not ensure that all the transactions and activities are monitored with equal weight age or importance. This can lead to error in calculation and measurements. Thus there can be accounting errors like omission, double posting etc. In the IT application area there can be software bugs and mistakes that can be left unnoticed and thus can lead to wrong outcomes and results in the reports. Ignoring considerations of limitation of scope, discuss the effects of Williams requests on the sufficiency and appropriateness of the audit evidence to be gathered. According to Williams request would be very beneficial for the organization as it incorporates an internal auditing committee and body that would ensure specialization and continuous check and control on the day to day transactions and events which would bring more stability and accuracy to the organization. Also the appointment of expertise would ensure more specialization and accuracy (Kremer). The auditing reports gathered would be sufficient and appropriate enough as due to specialization there would be very few chances of mistakes and thus the evidences collected through sampling and random checking would give us a correct and appropriate overview without much mistakes and errors. Review the sample supporting control accompanying the book and identify any control deviations that would be revealed by your tests of controls. The sampling supporting control would be very beneficial for the organization and would help us to provide us with adequate auditing evidences with the best overview of the financial transactions. This would thus be beneficial for the organization to prepare an error free more or less accurate financial and audit report. There is very few chances of any control deviations to be revealed by the test of controls (Ricchiute). Only those errors and mistakes would not be identified whose occurrence is not very common and is not traceable through samples. These mistakes are special in nature with very few occurrence possibilities. Describe how generalized audit software could be used to test sales cut-off at year end. The sales have to invoice in the system before 27Th June as the warehouses are kept closed from 28-30th June. All the sales have to be in transit and be on its way to the delivery. The audit software can be used to test sales cut-off at the yearend very effectively (Robertson). It can be used for measuring and calculation of the year end stock and thus the sales can be calculated accordingly. The average weighted method or the FIFO principle should be used and a consistent inventory policy should be followed. This would ensure proper and efficient evaluation of inventories and thus can be used to test the sales cut off at the yearend very effectively and efficiently. Conclusion Through ts assignment we saw on how auditing a very important part in preparing financial reports is. Auditing requires expertise and specialization and internal audit control is very effective to ensure day to day monitoring and adherence and compliance to the rules and standards. Different auditing techniques and procedures and evidences should be evaluated according to its pros and cons and respectively and the best suited should be applied consistently. References Apostolou, Barbara, and Francine Alleman. Internal Audit Sampling. Altamonte Springs, Fla.: Institute of Internal Auditors, 1991. Print. Ashton, Robert H. Research In Audit Decision marketing. Vancouver, B.C.: Canadian Certified General Accountants' Research Foundation, 1983. Print. Georgiades, George. Audit Procedures. Chicago, Ill.: CCH, 2006. Print. Graham, Lynford. Internal Control Audit And Compliance. Print. Hatherly, David J. The Audit Evidence Process. London: A. Keenan, 1980. Print. Kremer, Boris. Audit. Luxembourg: Casino Luxembourg, 2001. Print. Ricchiute, David N. Auditing. Cincinnati, Ohio: South-Western College, 1995. Print. Robertson, Jack C. Auditing. Homewood, IL: BPI/Irwin, 1990. Print.